Catalytic reforming

Summary

Catalytic reforming is a chemical process used to convert petroleum refinery naphthas distilled from crude oil (typically having low octane ratings) into high-octane liquid products called reformates, which are premium blending stocks for high-octane gasoline. The process converts low-octane linear hydrocarbons (paraffins) into branched alkanes (isoparaffins) and cyclic naphthenes, which are then partially dehydrogenated to produce high-octane aromatic hydrocarbons. The dehydrogenation also produces significant amounts of byproduct hydrogen gas, which is fed into other refinery processes such as hydrocracking. A side reaction is hydrogenolysis, which produces light hydrocarbons of lower value, such as methane, ethane, propane and butanes. In addition to a gasoline blending stock, reformate is the main source of aromatic bulk chemicals such as benzene, toluene, xylene and ethylbenzene which have diverse uses, most importantly as raw materials for conversion into plastics. However, the

Official source

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalytic_reforming

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In this work, we have studied various aspects of catalysts and catalytic processes at the solid-liquid interface, e.g. the reduction of supported PdO, the formation of Pd hydrides, their quantification, the their reactivity in a transient in time-resolved manner, Ru and P-modified Ru based catalysts and zeolites. In order to provide structural information mainly X-ray absorption spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction were used, while the measurements were made possible by the realization of a dedicated setup including reactor cells. The cells are designed to allow for monitoring structural changes of oxidation state and nature of adsorbates in a time-resolved manner. This is of particular interest to study the reactivity of species, such as the Pd hydrides, formed on the catalyst in the liquid environment exploiting tools that are already widely applied to study gas phase reactions.

EPFL2020

An examination of catalyst deactivation in p-chloronitrobenzene hydrogenation over supported gold

Fernando Cardenas Lizana, Lioubov Kiwi, Daniel André Samuel Lamey, Xiaodong Wang

The stability of Au/Al2O3 in the continuous gas phase (423 K) hydrogenation of p-chloronitrobenzene (p-CNB) to p-chloroaniline (p-CAN) has been investigated over an inlet H-2/p-CNB = 4-390, i.e. from close to stoichiometry to H2 far in excess. The catalyst (activated unused and spent) has been characterised with respect to specific surface area (SSA)/porosity, temperature programmed reduction (TPR), powder XRD, H-2 chemisorption, STEM, XPS, elemental analysis and TGA-DSC measurements. Activation of Au/Al2O3 by TPR in hydrogen generated a narrow Au size distribution (1-8 nm, mean = 3.6 nm) with evidence (from XPS) of (support -> metal) charge transfer to generate surface Au delta-. Exclusive p-CAN production was achieved under conditions of kinetic control, which were established by parameter estimation and experimental variation of contact time, catalyst particle size and p-CNB/catalyst ratio. A temporal decline in activity was observed that was more pronounced at H-2/p-CNB

Elsevier2014

A novel reactor concept for thermal integration of naphtha reforming with propane ammoxidation

Alimohammad Bahmanpour, Samira Ebrahimian

In this study, propane ammoxidation as an exothermic process is thermally coupled with the endothermic naphtha reforming process which resulted in the elimination of the naphtha reforming furnaces. Both processes are available in petrochemical plants. Naphtha reforming produces aromatics (BTX, Toluene, Ethylbenzene) as well as hydrogen, while propane ammoxidation reactions on V-Sb-Al oxide catalyst produce acrylonitrile (ACN) as the main product which is a known intermediate for the production of various polymers and polyamides. In addition to energy saving, the aromatics production in the proposed scheme increased by 10% compared to conventional naphtha reforming (CNR). Furthermore, the effect of operating temperature, the number of tubes of the reactors, and the inlet molar flow rate of propane on the hydrogen production and aromatics yield in the naphtha reforming process have been investigated.

2019