A language family is a group of languages related through descent from a common ancestral language or parental language, called the proto-language of that family. The term "family" reflects the tree model of language origination in historical linguistics, which makes use of a metaphor comparing languages to people in a biological family tree, or in a subsequent modification, to species in a phylogenetic tree of evolutionary taxonomy. Linguists therefore describe the daughter languages within a language family as being genetically related. The divergence of a proto-language into daughter languages typically occurs through geographical separation, with different regional dialects of the proto-language spoken by different speech communities undergoing different language changes and thus becoming distinct languages from each other.
The language families with the most speakers are the Indo-European family, which includes many widely spoken languages native to Europe (such as English and Spanish) and South Asia (such as Hindi, Urdu and Bengali); and the Sino-Tibetan family, mainly due to the many speakers of Mandarin Chinese in China. A language family may contain any number of languages: Some families, such as the Austronesian and Niger-Congo families, contain hundreds of different languages; while some languages, termed isolates, are not known to be related to any other languages and therefore constitute a family consisting of only one language.
Membership of languages in a language family is established by research in comparative linguistics. Genealogically related languages can be identified by their shared retentions; that is, they share systematic similarities that cannot be explained as due to chance, or to effects of language contact (such as borrowing or convergence), and therefore must be features inherited from their shared common ancestor. However, some sets of languages may in fact be derived from a common ancestor but have diverged enough from each other that their relationship is no longer detectable; and some languages have not been studied in enough detail to be classified, and therefore their family membership is unknown.
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Digital ENAC aims to provide students with the ability to apply the principles of coding to the practical life of designers and engineers. We will not focus on a specific coding language, but will ext
We teach the fundamental aspects of analyzing and interpreting computer languages, including the techniques to build compilers. You will build a working compiler from an elegant functional language in
The workshop will equip participants with practical skills necessary to make thesis writing smoother and better organized. Main issues
covered are: getting started, structure and argumentation, time m
Proto-Indo-European (PIE) is the reconstructed common ancestor of the Indo-European language family. No direct record of Proto-Indo-European exists; its proposed features have been derived by linguistic reconstruction from documented Indo-European languages. Far more work has gone into reconstructing PIE than any other proto-language, and it is the best understood of all proto-languages of its age.
Historical linguistics, also termed diachronic linguistics, is the scientific study of language change over time. Principal concerns of historical linguistics include: to describe and account for observed changes in particular languages to reconstruct the pre-history of languages and to determine their relatedness, grouping them into language families (comparative linguistics) to develop general theories about how and why language changes to describe the history of speech communities to study the history of words, i.
Two languages have a genetic relationship, and belong to the same language family, if both are descended from a common ancestor through the process of language change, or one is descended from the other. The term and the process of language evolution are independent of, and not reliant on, the terminology, understanding, and theories related to genetics in the biological sense, so, to avoid confusion, some linguists prefer the term genealogical relationship.
Covers separate compilation, linking modules, loader role, and makefile usage.
Introduces the basics of physics, including mechanics and making predictions based on observations and hypotheses.
Covers control structures, loops, and functions in C language, emphasizing the importance of local variables and avoiding global variables.
Machine Translation (MT) has made considerable progress in the past two decades, particularly after the introduction of neural network models (NMT). During this time, the research community has mostly focused on modeling and evaluating MT systems at the se ...
In the history of education, college represented an alternative to family life. At college, children and adolescents were separated from the care of their parents and integrated into a religious or secular community for their civic or professional educatio ...
2023
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Remote sensing visual question answering (RSVQA) opens new avenues to promote the use of satellites data, by interfacing satellite image analysis with natural language processing. Capitalizing on the remarkable advances in natural language processing and c ...