X-ray Raman scattering

X-ray Raman scattering (XRS) is non-resonant inelastic scattering of X-rays from core electrons. It is analogous to vibrational Raman scattering, which is a widely used tool in optical spectroscopy, with the difference being that the wavelengths of the exciting photons fall in the X-ray regime and the corresponding excitations are from deep core electrons. XRS is an element-specific spectroscopic tool for studying the electronic structure of matter. In particular, it probes the excited-state density of states (DOS) of an atomic species in a sample. Description XRS is an inelastic X-ray scattering process, in which a high-energy X-ray photon gives energy to a core electron, exciting it to an unoccupied state. The process is in principle analogous to X-ray absorption (XAS), but the energy transfer plays the role of the X-ray photon energy absorbed in X-ray absorption, exactly as in Raman scattering in optics vibrational low-energy excitations can be observed by studying th

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Raman scattering

Raman scattering or the Raman effect (ˈrɑːmən) is the inelastic scattering of photons by matter, meaning that there is both an exchange of energy and a change in the light's direction. Typically this

Resonance Raman spectroscopy

Resonance Raman spectroscopy (RR spectroscopy or RRS) is a variant of Raman spectroscopy in which the incident photon energy is close in energy to an electronic transition of a compound or material u

Spectroscopy

Spectroscopy is the field of study that measures and interprets the electromagnetic spectra that result from the interaction between electromagnetic radiation and matter as a function of the wavele

First operations with the new Collective Thomson Scattering diagnostic on the Frascati Tokamak Upgrade device

Cristian Galperti, Gabriele Grosso

Anomalous emissions were found over the last few years in spectra of Collective Thomson Scattering (CTS) diagnostics in tokamak devices such as TEXTOR, ASDEX and FTU, in addition to real CTS signals. The signal frequency, down-shifted with respect to the probing one, suggested a possible origin in Parametric Decay Instability (PDI) processes correlated with the presence of magnetic islands and occurring for pumping wave power levels well below the threshold predicted by conventional models. A threshold below or close to the Electron Cyclotron Resonance Heating (ECRH) power levels could limit, under certain circumstances, the use of the ECRH in fusion devices. An accurate characterization of the conditions for the occurrence of this phenomenon and of its consequences is thus of primary importance. Exploiting the front-steering configuration available with the real-time launcher, the implementation of a new CTS setup now allows studying these anomalous emission phenomena in FTU under conditions of density and wave injection geometry that are more similar to those envisaged for CTS in ITER. The upgrades of the diagnostic are presented as well as a few preliminary spectra detected with the new system during the very first operations in 2014. The present work has been carried out under an EUROfusion Enabling Research project. A shorter version of this contribution is due to be published in PoS at: 1st EPS conference on Plasma Diagnostics

Iop Publishing Ltd2015

Observation of short time-scale spectral emissions at millimeter wavelengths with the new CTS diagnostic on the FTU tokamak

Cristian Galperti, Gabriele Grosso

On the FTU tokamak, the collective Thomson scattering (CTS) diagnostic was renewed for investigating the possible excitation of parametric decay instabilities (PDI) by electron cyclotron (EC) or CTS probe beams in presence of magnetic islands and measure their effects on the EC power absorption. The experiments were performed launching a gyroton probe beam (140 GHz, 400 kW) and observing the scattered radiation in symmetric and asymmetric directions (with respect to the equatorial plane) in different conditions of plasma density and magnetic field (with or without the EC resonance in the plasma), and with magnetic islands generated by Neon injection. The acquisition with a fast digitizer allowed observing spectral features with very high time and frequency resolution. Shots were performed at 7.2 T, with the fundamental EC resonance out of the plasma region, at 4.7 T, with the resonance on the high field side of the plasma column, and at 3.6 T, in this last case with the plasma between the first and the second EC harmonics both lying outside the plasma volume. Several types of spectral features characterized by their frequency and their fast time evolution were identified in the observed signal after a proper treatment. The paper reports the observations in the different experimental cases and the correlation of the features with the existence of MHD modes as witnessed by magnetic probes signals and with macroscopic plasma parameters.

Iop Publishing Ltd2017

Overview of the FTU results

Filippo Bagnato, Cristian Galperti, Gabriele Grosso

Since the 2016 IAEA Fusion Energy Conference, FTU operations have been mainly devoted to experiments on runaway electrons and investigations into a tin liquid limiter; other experiments have involved studies of elongated plasmas and dust. The tearing mode onset in the high density regime has been studied by means of the linear resistive code MARS, and the highly collisional regimes have been investigated. New diagnostics, such as a runaway electron imaging spectroscopy system for in-flight runaway studies and a triple Cherenkov probe for the measurement of escaping electrons, have been successfully installed and tested, and new capabilities of the collective Thomson scattering and the laser induced breakdown spectroscopy diagnostics have been explored.

IOP PUBLISHING LTD2019

PHYS-724: Ultrafast Phenomena

The course will cover fundamental concepts and recent developments in the field of ultrafast spectroscopy and introduce the basic theory to understand ultrafast (10-16 - 10-9 s) phenomena in chemistry, biology and condensed matter physics.