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MP3 (formally MPEG-1 Audio Layer III or MPEG-2 Audio Layer III) is a coding format for digital audio developed largely by the Fraunhofer Society in Germany under the lead of Karlheinz Brandenburg, with support from other digital scientists in the United States and elsewhere. Originally defined as the third audio format of the MPEG-1 standard, it was retained and further extended — defining additional bit-rates and support for more audio channels — as the third audio format of the subsequent MPEG-2 standard. A third version, known as MPEG-2.5 — extended to better support lower bit rates — is commonly implemented, but is not a recognized standard. MP3 (or mp3) as a commonly designates files containing an elementary stream of MPEG-1 Audio or MPEG-2 Audio encoded data, without other complexities of the MP3 standard. With regard to audio compression (the aspect of the standard most apparent to end-users, and for which it is best known), MP3 uses lossy data-compressi

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Flexible Motion-Adaptive Video Coding with Redundant Expansions

Pascal Frossard, Adel Rahmoune, Pierre Vandergheynst

This paper presents a highly flexible video coding scheme (MP3D), based on the use of a redundant 3-D spatio-temporal dictionary of functions. Directionality and anisotropic scaling are key ingredients to the spatial components, that form a rich collection of 2-D visual primitives. The temporal component is tuned to capture most of the energy in the temporal signal evolution, along motion trajectories in the video sequences. The MP3D video coding scheme first computes motion trajectories, that are lossless entropy coded and sent as side information to the decoder. It then applies a spatio-temporal decomposition using an adaptive approximation algorithm based on Matching Pursuit (MP). Quantized coefficients and basis function parameters are entropy-coded in a embedded stream that is constructed to respect multiple rate constraints. The geometric properties of the 2-D primitive dictionary allows for flexible spatial resolution adaptation, so that the MP3D stream allows for decoding at multiple rate and spatio-temporal resolutions. The MP3D scheme is shown to provide comparable rate-distortion performances at low and medium bit rates against state-of-the-art schemes, like H.264 and MPEG-4, or the scalable MC EZBC. It also provides an increased flexibility in stream manipulation to adapt to non-octave based spatial resolutions, or to any rate constraints. However, the use of a redundant dictionary is penalizing at high coding rates, which makes the MP3D algorithm interesting for low rate applications, or as a flexible base layer for higher rate video systems.

2006

Scalable Motion-Adaptive Video Coding with Redundant Representations

Pascal Frossard, Adel Rahmoune, Pierre Vandergheynst

This paper presents a scalable video coding scheme (MP3D), based on the use of a redundant 3-D spatio-temporal dictionary of functions. The spatial component of the dictionary consists of directional and anisotropically scaled functions, which form a rich collection of visual primitives. The temporal component is tuned to capture most of the energy along motion trajectories in the video sequences. The MP3D video coding first finds motion trajectories. It then applies a spatio-temporal decomposition using an adaptive approximation algorithm based on Matching Pursuit (MP). The coefficients and the function parameters are quantized and coded in a progressive fashion, under multiple rate constraints, allowing for adaptive decoding by simple bit stream truncation. The motion fields are losslessly coded and transmitted as side information to the decoder. The multi-resolution structure of the dictionary allows for flexible spatial and temporal resolution adaptation. This scheme is shown to yield comparable rate-distortion performances to state-of-the-art schemes, like H.264 and MPEG-4. It represents a promising alternative for low and medium rate applications, or as a flexible base layer for higher rate video systems.

IEEE2004

MP3D: Highly Scalable Video Coding Scheme Based on Matching Pursuit

Pascal Frossard, Adel Rahmoune, Pierre Vandergheynst

This paper describes a novel video coding scheme based on a three-dimensional Matching Pursuit algorithm. In addition to good compression performance at low bit rate, the proposed coder allows for flexible spatial, temporal and rate scalability thanks to its progressive coding structure. The Matching Pursuit algorithm generates a sparse decomposition of a video sequence in a series of spatio-temporal atoms, taken from an overcomplete dictionary of three-dimensional basis functions. The dictionary is generated by shifting, scaling and rotating two different mother atoms in order to cover the whole frequency cube. An embedded stream is then produced from the series of atoms. They are first distributed into sets through the set-partitioned position map algorithm (SPPM) to form the index-map, inspired from bit plane encoding. Scalar quantization is then applied to the coefficients which are finally arithmetic coded. A complete MP3D codec has been implemented, and performances are shown to favorably compare to other scalable coders like MPEG-4 FGS and SPIHT-3D. In addition, the MP3D streams offer an incomparable flexibility for multiresolution streaming or adaptive decoding.

IEEE2004

Advanced Audio Coding

Advanced Audio Coding (AAC) is an audio coding standard for lossy digital audio compression. Designed to be the successor of the MP3 format, AAC generally achieves higher sound quality than MP3 encode

Lossy compression

In information technology, lossy compression or irreversible compression is the class of data compression methods that uses inexact approximations and partial data discarding to represent the conten

Data compression

In information theory, data compression, source coding, or bit-rate reduction is the process of encoding information using fewer bits than the original representation.

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