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Canadians (Canadiens) are people identified with the country of Canada. This connection may be residential, legal, historical or cultural. For most Canadians, many (or all) of these connections exist and are collectively the source of their being Canadian. Canada is a multilingual and multicultural society home to people of groups of many different ethnic, religious, and national origins, with the majority of the population made up of Old World immigrants and their descendants. Following the initial period of French and then the much larger British colonization, different waves (or peaks) of immigration and settlement of non-indigenous peoples took place over the course of nearly two centuries and continue today. Elements of Indigenous, French, British, and more recent immigrant customs, languages, and religions have combined to form the culture of Canada, and thus a Canadian identity. Canada has also been strongly influenced by its linguistic, geographic, and economic neighbour—the U

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Cicatriser le centre de Montréal: projet d'infrastructure publique au-dessus d'une autoroute (Canada)

Sandrine Goneau

Face à la problématique de congestion, conséquence de la démocratisation de l'automobile et du déplacement des aires d'habitation qui s'en suit, l'idéologie fonctionnaliste d'un urbanisme prétendument moderne croit pouvoir répondre aux maux de l'urbain par la production massive d'infrastructures autoroutières. La réalité urbaine contemporaine érige ainsi d'invisibles frontières au détriment des tissus existants et des métriques piétonnes. Montréal, alors capitale économique du Canada, décide, au contraire de sa sœur Toronto, d'épargner son ancien front portuaire, désormais tombé en désuétude, et choisit d'aménager l'axe autoroutier intra-urbain à la frontière des quartiers de l'ancienne ville. L'autoroute Ville-Marie, déployée en tranchée d'Est en Ouest forme une nouvelle “fortification” à l'échelle urbaine, isolant le Vieux-Montréal du reste de la ville, notamment la portion Sud du centre-ville où s'établissent les grandes institutions. L'immense vide linéaire, progressivement investit par de grands bâtiments à vocation internationale sera pourtant laissé tel quel à son moment le plus important, soit en devanture de l'Hôtel de ville et du Champ de Mars, vestige des anciennes fortifications. Toutefois, ce vide généré par le passage de l'infrastructure autoroutière aura permis l'établissement des infrastructures souterraines du métro et le réseau souterrain piétonnier. L'intervention proposée tirera ainsi à même les qualités et problématiques du contexte. En permettant la cicatrisation d'un tissu trop longtemps laissé ouvert, elle propose une réponse infrastructurelle aux besoins urbains des institutions de la ville nouvelle, tout en tirant profit de l'attractivité publique et récréative de la ville ancienne.

2011

Reducing Greenhouse Gas emissions is not the only solution

Justine Brun

With the increasing strength and frequency of climate change events, the urgency to mitigate climate change impact is ever so important. Canada reported his Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) and submitted its ambition to reduce his Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions by 40-45% by 2030 compared to 2005 and reach net-zero emissions by 2050. Interest for energy system modelling has been increasing for planning future energy systems, as a result of growing concern for sustainable development and transition towards renewable energies. Nevertheless, planning a decarbonization of energy system can potentially lead to environmental burden shifting, and can increase impacts on other environmental impacts such as ecosystem quality or human health. Thus, this project aims towards integrating Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) and more specifically Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA) within Energy Systems Modelling, in order to minimize not only climate change impacts, but human health and ecosystem quality. In addition, a dual spatial resolution was integrated in the model in order to increase data precision and computational efficiency. The results show that a low-carbon energy system, based on the optimization of GHG emissions allows to greatly reduce all the environmental impacts under analysis, compared to an all economic- based energy system, but a multi-objective optimization allows to simultaneously reduce impacts on ecosystem quality and human health, while reducing GHG emissions and keeping good economical and technical performances. The results also show that it is theoretically possible for Canada to keep on track with their emission reduction ambition by 2030, by deploying more renewable energies. This project does not allow assessing Canada’s potential to reach net-zero emissions, as environmental impacts from carbon capture technologies are still to be characterized and integrated in the model.

2022

Comparison of Seismic Design Requirements for Steel Moment Resisting Frames with Emphasis on Stability of Columns in North America, New Zealand, and Europe

Ali Imanpour, Dimitrios Lignos

The seismic design provisions and stability requirements for steel columns used at the first storey of MRFs as specified is Canadian steel design standard (CSA S16), U.S. design provisions for steel buildings (AISC 341 and AISC 360), the New Zealand steel structures standard (NZS 3404), and Eurocodes 3 and 8 (EC3 and EC8) are reviewed. The code provisions are applied to a deep, slender steel I-shaped column to identify possible failure modes. A finite element analysis of the column is performed under cyclic inelastic lateral drift history to validate code predictions. The column was found to fail by out-of-plane instability, after local buckling has developed in the base plastic hinge. This failure mode was not expected from the axial-bending interaction equations available in the design standards except the equation of Eurocode 3. Limits for out-of-plane slenderness in Canadian and European provisions indicate the observed failure mode.

2016

Canada

Canada is a country in North America. Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean and northward into the Arctic Ocean, making it the world's second-lar

Northwest Territories

Infobox province or territory of Canada | name = Northwest Territories | settlement_type = Territory | other_name = | image_flag = Flag of the No

Toronto

Toronto (təˈrɒntoʊ ; ˈtrɒntoʊ ) is the most populous city in Canada and the capital city of the Canadian province of Ontario. With a recorded population of 2,794,356 in 2021, it is the fourth-most p

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