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Coronaviruses are a group of related RNA viruses that cause diseases in mammals and birds. In humans and birds, they cause respiratory tract infections that can range from mild to lethal. Mild illnesses in humans include some cases of the common cold (which is also caused by other viruses, predominantly rhinoviruses), while more lethal varieties can cause SARS, MERS and COVID-19, which is causing the ongoing pandemic. In cows and pigs they cause diarrhea, while in mice they cause hepatitis and encephalomyelitis. Coronaviruses constitute the subfamily Orthocoronavirinae, in the family Coronaviridae, order Nidovirales and realm Riboviria. They are enveloped viruses with a positive-sense single-stranded RNA genome and a nucleocapsid of helical symmetry. The genome size of coronaviruses ranges from approximately 26 to 32 kilobases, one of the largest among RNA viruses. They have characteristic club-shaped spikes that project f

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Identification of broad anti-coronavirus chemical agents for repurposing against SARS-CoV-2 and variants of concern

Michael Bauer, Fabien Kuttler, Gerardo Turcatti, Liliane Yang

Endemic human coronaviruses (hCoVs) 229E and OC43 cause respiratory disease with recurrent infections, while severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-CoV-2 spreads across the world with impact on health and societies. Here, we report an image-based multicycle infection procedure with α-coronavirus hCoV-229E-eGFP in an arrayed chemical library screen of 5440 clinical and preclinical compounds. Toxicity counter selection and challenge with the β-coronaviruses OC43 and SARS-CoV-2 in tissue culture and human airway epithelial explant cultures (HAEEC) identified four FDA-approved compounds with oral availability. Methylene blue (MB, used for the treatment of methemoglobinemia), Mycophenolic acid (MPA, used in organ transplantation) and the anti-fungal agent Posaconazole (POS) had the broadest anti-CoV spectrum. They inhibited the shedding of SARS-CoV-2 and variants-of-concern (alpha, beta, gamma, delta) from HAEEC in either pre- or post exposure regimens at clinically relevant concentrations. Co-treatment of cultured cells with MB and the FDA-approved SARS-CoV-2 RNA-polymerase inhibitor Remdesivir reduced the effective anti-viral concentrations of MB by 2-fold, and Remdesivir by 4 to 10-fold, indicated by BLISS independence synergy modelling. Neither MB, nor MPA, nor POS affected the cell delivery of SARS-CoV-2 or OC43 (+)sense RNA, but blocked subsequent viral RNA accumulation in cells. Unlike Remdesivir, MB, MPA or POS did not reduce the release of viral RNA in post exposure regimen, thus indicating infection inhibition at a post-replicating step as well. In summary, the data emphasize the power of unbiased, full cycle compound screens to identify and repurpose broadly acting drugs against coronaviruses.

2022

Therapeutic approaches against coronaviruses acute respiratory syndrome

Camilla Servidio, Francesco Stellacci

Coronaviruses represent global health threat. In this century, they have already caused two epidemics and one serious pandemic. Although, at present, there are no approved drugs and therapies for the treatment and prevention of human coronaviruses, several agents, FDA-approved, and preclinical, have shown in vitro and/or in vivo antiviral activity. An in-depth analysis of the current situation leads to the identification of several potential drugs that could have an impact on the fight against coronaviruses infections. In this review, we discuss the virology of human coronaviruses highlighting the main biological targets and summarize the current state-of-the-art of possible therapeutic options to inhibit coronaviruses infections. We mostly focus on FDA-approved and preclinical drugs targeting viral conserved elements.

JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD2021

Un double séjour hospitalierUn hôtel médicalisé à la place de l'Ours, absorbeur d'urgences sanitaires

Benoît Jean Meylan

Courant 2020, une pandémie liée à la propagation d’un nouveau coronavirus a dévoilé les limites des compétences infrastructurelles de nos systèmes de santé. Afin d’augmenter, dans l’urgence, la capacité en lits de soins intensifs et continus, des structures temporaires ont été érigées ou aménagées. Ces épisodes impérieux sont susceptibles de se répéter à l’avenir, l’ambition du projet est donc de compléter la disponibilité des hôpitaux en situation d’urgence sanitaire par un modèle plus durable, qualitatif et réactif. L’hôtel de l’Ours se situe à Lausanne, à quelques mètres des urgences du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois. Cet hôtel est transformé et agrandi dans l’optique d’accueillir une mixité programmatique. En temps serein, l’établissement accueille client.e.s, touristes, visiteur.euse.s mais aussi des patient.e.s nécessitant des soins de réhabilitation ou une assistance médicale légère. En temps de crise, l’hôtel se mue en un hôpital équipé permettant la prise en charge de patient.e.s en soins intensifs et continus. Sa proximité avec le CHUV lui permet une réactivité accrue. La dent creuse, initialement générée par une ancienne station service à l’arrière de l’hôtel, permet l’agrandissement de ce dernier et y connecte un jardin jadis confiné au sein d’un îlot bâti. Une coursive de circulation couture les trois différents éléments bâtis au rez-de-chaussée et génère, en son centre, un jardin paisible, isolé de l’agitation urbaine.

2022

COVID-19

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a contagious disease caused by the virus SARS-CoV-2. The first known case was identified in Wuhan, China, in December 2019. The disease quickly spread worldwide,

Virus

A virus is a submicroscopic infectious agent that replicates only inside the living cells of an organism. Viruses infect all life forms, from animals and plants to microorganisms, including bacteria

Common cold

The common cold or the cold is a viral infectious disease of the upper respiratory tract that primarily affects the respiratory mucosa of the nose, throat, sinuses, and larynx. S

CH-313: Chemical biology

Closely interfacing with bioengineering and medicine, this course provides foundational concepts in applying small-molecule chemical toolsets to probe the functions of living systems at the mechanistic and molecular level with emphasis placed on quantitative understanding and improving human health.

BIO-105: Cellular biology and biochemistry for engineers

Basic course in biochemistry as well as cellular and molecular biology for non-life science students enrolling at the Master or PhD thesis level from various engineering disciplines. It reviews essential notions necessary for a training in biology-related engineering fields.

MSE-471: Biomaterials (pour MX)

The course introduces the main classes of biomaterials used in the biomedical field. The interactions with biological environment are discussed and challenges highlighted. State of the art examples per type of material are discussed. Students will generate a biomaterial and study cell compatibility.