Earth science

Summary

Earth science or geoscience includes all fields of natural science related to the planet Earth. This is a branch of science dealing with the physical, chemical, and biological complex constitutions and synergistic linkages of Earth's four spheres: the biosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere, and geosphere (or lithosphere). Earth science can be considered to be a branch of planetary science, but with a much older history. There are reductionist and holistic approaches to Earth sciences. It is also the study of Earth and its neighbors in space. Some Earth scientists use their knowledge of the planet to locate and develop energy and mineral resources. Others study the impact of human activity on Earth's environment, and design methods to protect the planet. Some use their knowledge about Earth processes such as volcanoes, earthquakes, and hurricanes to help protect people from these dangerous events. Earth sciences can include the study of geology, the lithosphere, and the large-scale stru

Official source

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_science

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Meshing of complex shapes in earth sciences

Marc Ferrer

EPFL2000

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Semi-Lagrangian (SL) schemes are of utmost relevance to simulate two-phase flows where advection dominates. The combination of SL schemes with the finite element (FE) method and arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian (ALE) dynamic meshes yields a strong ingredient to deal with applications in Earth sciences, environmental engineering, and oil and gas industry whose numerical background is incipient. This article is intended to propose a second-order time multistep SL/ALE/FE scheme to track particle trajectories traveling amidst single- or two-phase incompressible flows both in fixed and moving mesh situations. The novel scheme is a BDF2-like implementation that considers the mesh velocity as part of its backward-in-time integration. Trajectory departure points are searched through extrapolation and followed by a multistep interpolation corrector that works both for constant and varying time steps. A series of two-phase benchmark flow simulations are carried out by using the cubic element to compare the performance of the new integrator against single-step approximations as well as to analyze enhancements in representing the two-phase flow dynamics. We use the 2D axisymmetric Navier-Stokes equations as underlying model. Error analyses, convergence tests, quantitative, and qualitative comparisons are presented and discussed to highlight the superior conservative feature of the novel scheme.

WILEY2022

Deep Learning for the Earth Sciences: A Comprehensive Approach to Remote Sensing, Climate Science, and Geosciences

Devis Tuia

Deep learning is a fundamental technique in modern Artificial Intelligence and is being applied to disciplines across the scientific spectrum; earth science is no exception. Yet, the link between deep learning and Earth sciences has only recently entered academic curricula and thus has not yet proliferated. Deep Learning for the Earth Sciences delivers a unique perspective and treatment of the concepts, skills, and practices necessary to quickly become familiar with the application of deep learning techniques to the Earth sciences. The book prepares readers to be ready to use the technologies and principles described in their own research.

Wiley2021