Mineral oil

Summary

Mineral oil is any of various colorless, odorless, light mixtures of higher alkanes from a mineral source, particularly a distillate of petroleum, as distinct from usually edible vegetable oils. The name 'mineral oil' by itself is imprecise, having been used for many specific oils over the past few centuries. Other names, similarly imprecise, include 'white oil', 'paraffin oil', 'liquid paraffin' (a highly refined medical grade), paraffinum liquidum (Latin), and 'liquid petroleum'. Most often, mineral oil is a liquid obtained from refining crude oil to make gasoline and other petroleum products. Mineral oils used for lubrication are known specifically as base oils. More generally, mineral oil is a transparent, colorless oil, composed mainly of alkanes and cycloalkanes, related to petroleum jelly. It has a density of around . Nomenclature Some of the imprecision in the definition of the names used for mineral oil (such as 'white oil') reflects usage by consumers and mercha

Official source

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineral_oil

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Quasi-elastic neutrino reactions on carbon and lead nuclei

Soheyl Massoudi

We examine neutral-current quasi-elastic neutrino-nucleus reactions on C-12 and Pb-208 targets. We use the relativistic mean field theory approach to describe the nuclear dynamics. We compute the cross sections for the scattering of 150, 500 and 1000 MeV neutrinos on a C-12 target and study the effect of the strange-quark content of the nucleon which appears in these reactions via the isoscalar weak current. We compare our results with the data of the MiniBooNE experiment for mineral oil (CH2). We also calculate the cross section for the quasi-elastic neutron knockout reaction of 20-60 MeV neutrinos on a Pb-208 target which is relevant to plans to use lead as a target material in future supernova neutrino detectors.

Iop Publishing Ltd2018

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The increasing use of elements such as Nb and Ta in green and information technologies makes it necessary to develop appropriate analytical methods for studying their environmental and ecotoxicological behaviour. This paper describes the first time Nb has been directly identified in mineral and freshwaters, using inductively coupled plasma sector field mass spectrometry (ICP-SFMS). The scant values of Nb concentrations in freshwaters published include many values which are very close, or directly below, the detection limit of the technique used; when low values are reported, the techniques used often include solid phase extraction preconcentration; with the associated difficulty in obtaining low blanks and risk of incomplete resin desorption. We analysed 20 water samples of contrasting characteristics along with certificate reference material SLRS-5. Values detected ranged from 0.3 to 12 ng L-1. No sample was below the detection limit. Our results show that the determination of Nb by ICP-SFMS is possible, although it is not a routine analysis (i.e., it requires excellent blanks and machine response stability). These results are consistent with existing information. Currently, Nb ecotoxicological characteristics and behaviour in environmental compartments are essentially unknown; the possibility of directly determining Nb at these concentrations opens up new avenues for studying this element at meaningful environmental levels.

Royal Society of Chemistry2014

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Accurate control of groundwater pH is of critical importance for in situ biological treatment of chlorinated solvents. This study evaluated a novel approach for buffering subsurface pH that relies on the use of silicate minerals as a long-term source of alkalinity. A screening methodology based on thermodynamic considerations and numerical simulations was developed to rank silicate minerals according to their buffering efficiency. A geochemical model including the main microbial processes driving groundwater acidification and silicate mineral dissolution was developed. Kinetic and thermodynamic data for silicate minerals dissolution were compiled. Results indicated that eight minerals (nepheline, fayalite, glaucophane, lizardite, grossular, almandine, cordierite, and andradite) could potentially be used as buffering agents for the case considered. A sensitivity analysis was conducted to identify the dominant model parameters and processes. This showed that accurate characterization of mineral kinetic rate constants and solubility are crucial for reliable prediction of the acid-neutralizing capacity. In addition, the model can be used as a design tool to estimate the amount of mineral (totalmass and specific surface area) required in field applications

2012