Hebrew diacritics

Hebrew orthography includes three types of diacritics: Niqqud in Hebrew is the way to indicate vowels, which are omitted in modern orthography, using a set of ancillary glyphs. Since the vowels can be understood from surrounding letters, context can help readers read the correct pronunciations of several letters of the Hebrew alphabet (the rafe sign and other rare glyphs are also listed as part of the niqqud system but are not in common use); geresh and gershayim, two diacritics that are not considered a part of niqqud, each of which has several functions (e.g. to denote Hebrew numerals); and cantillation, "accents" which are used exclusively to indicate how Biblical passages should be chanted and may possess a punctuating function. Several diacritical systems were developed in the Early Middle Ages. The most widespread system, and the only one still used to a significant degree today, was created by the Masoretes of Tiberias in the second half of the first millennium in the Land of Israel (see Masoretic Text, Tiberian Hebrew). The Niqqud signs and cantillation marks developed by the Masoretes are small in size compared to consonants, so they could be added to the consonantal texts without retranscribing them. Niqqud In modern Israeli orthography, vowel and consonant pointing is seldom used, except in specialised texts such as dictionaries, poetry, or texts for children or for new immigrants. Israeli Hebrew has five vowel phonemes—i, e̞, ä, o̞ and u—but many more written symbols for them. Niqqud distinguish the following vowels and consonants; for more detail, see the main article. Note 1: The symbol "ס" represents whatever Hebrew letter is used. Note 2: The letter "ש" is used since it can only be represented by that letter. Note 3: The dagesh, mappiq, and shuruk are different, however, they look the same and are inputted in the same manner. Also, they are represented by the same Unicode character. Note 4: The letter "ו" is used since it can only be represented by that letter. Notes: [1] : These vowels lengths are not manifested in Modern Hebrew.