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Descending monoaminergic inputs markedly influence spinal locomotor circuits, but the functional relationships between specific receptors and the control of walking behavior remain poorly understood. To identify these interactions, we manipulated serotoner ...
In recent years, previously unsuspected roles of astrocytes have been revealed, largely owing to the development of new tools enabling their selective study in situ. These exciting findings add to the large body of evidence demonstrating that astrocytes pl ...
At presynaptic active zones, neurotransmitter release is initiated by the opening of voltage-gated Ca²+ channels close to docked vesicles. The mechanisms that enrich Ca²+ channels at active zones are, however, largely unknown, possibly because of the limit ...
Transmitter release at synapses is driven by elevated intracellular Ca2+ concentration (Ca2+) near the sites of vesicle fusion. Ca2+ signals of profoundly different amplitude and kinetics drive the phasic release component during a presynaptic ac ...
In the brainstem auditory circuit of mammals and birds, excitatory synapses with extraordinarily large size have evolved, which ensure fast membrane potential signaling mediated by large, multiquantal excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs). The so-called ...
Genetically encoded fluorescent sensor proteins offer the possibility to probe the concentration of key metabolites in living cells. The approaches currently used to generate such fluorescent sensor proteins lack generality, as they require a protein that ...
Cortical neurons receive balanced excitatory and inhibitory synaptic currents. Such a balance could be established and maintained in an experience-dependent manner by synaptic plasticity at inhibitory synapses. We show that this mechanism provides an expla ...
The possibility of changing the number of synapses may be an important asset in the treatment of neurological diseases. In this context, the synaptogenic role of the phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K) signaling cascade has been previously demonstrated in Dro ...
Fast neurotransmitter release is essential for neuron-neuron communication and is initiated by the opening of voltage-gated Ca2+ channels close to docked vesicles at the presynaptic active zone. The high concentration of Ca2+ channels at the active zone is ...
Neocortical microcircuits are thought to contribute importantly to the sophisticated processing abilities of the mammalian brain. Neurons within the neocortex communicate with each other through releasing the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate or the in ...
