October 29

312 – Constantine the Great enters Rome after his victory at the Battle of the Milvian Bridge, stages a grand adventus in the city, and is met with popular jubilation. Maxentius' body is fished out of the Tiber and beheaded. 437 – Valentinian III, Western Roman Emperor, marries Licinia Eudoxia, daughter of his cousin Theodosius II, Eastern Roman Emperor in Constantinople unifying the two branches of the House of Theodosius. 1268 – Conradin is executed along with his companion Frederick I, Margrave of Baden by Charles I of Sicily. 1390 – First trial for witchcraft in Paris leading to the death of three people. 1467 – Battle of Brustem: Charles the Bold defeats Prince-Bishopric of Liège. 1591 – Pope Innocent IX is elected. 1611 – Russian homage to the King of Poland, Sigismund III Vasa. 1618 – English adventurer, writer, and courtier Sir Walter Raleigh is beheaded for allegedly conspiring against James I of England. 1621 – The London Pageant of 1621 celebrates the inauguration of Edward Barkham (Lord Mayor). 1658 – Second Northern War: Naval forces of the Dutch Republic defeat the Swedes in the Battle of the Sound. 1665 – Portuguese forces defeat the Kingdom of Kongo and decapitate King António I of Kongo, also known as Nvita a Nkanga. 1675 – Leibniz makes the first use of the long s (∫) as a symbol of the integral in calculus. 1787 – Mozart's opera Don Giovanni receives its first performance in Prague. 1792 – Mount Hood (Oregon) is named after Samuel Hood, 1st Viscount Hood by Lt. William E. Broughton who sighted the mountain near the mouth of the Willamette River. 1863 – Eighteen countries meet in Geneva and agree to form the International Red Cross. 1863 – American Civil War: Battle of Wauhatchie: Forces under Union General Ulysses S. Grant repel a Confederate attack led by General James Longstreet. Union forces thus open a supply line into Chattanooga, Tennessee. 1888 – The Convention of Constantinople is signed, guaranteeing free maritime passage through the Suez Canal during war and peace.