AdhiṭṭhānaAdhiṭṭhāna (Pali; from adhi meaning "foundational" or "beginning" plus sthā meaning "standing"; Sanskrit, अधिष्ठान) has been translated as "decision," "resolution," "self-determination," "will", "strong determination" and "resolute determination." In the late canonical literature of Theravada Buddhism, adhiṭṭhāna is one of the ten "perfections" (dasa pāramiyo), exemplified by the bodhisatta's resolve to become fully awakened.
PāvāPāvā was an important city of the Malla tribe of ancient India at the time of the Haryanka dynasty of Magadha. It is located about southeast of Kushinagar in the state of Uttar Pradesh, India. The precise location of ancient Pāvā is not known with certainty. Likely candidates include: an ancient site known as Fazilnagar ka kot (ASI SL.# N-UP-P25), located in present-day Fazilnagar, in [[Kushinagar district a large flat-topped mound of ruins known as Jharmatiya (ASI SL.
KhemaKhema (Pali: Khemā; Sanskrit: Kṣemā) was a Buddhist bhikkhuni, or nun, who was one of the top female disciples of the Buddha. She is considered the first of the Buddha's two chief female disciples, along with Uppalavanna. Khema was born into the royal family of the ancient Kingdom of Madra, and was the wife of King Bimbisara of the ancient Indian kingdom of Magadha. Khema was convinced to visit the Buddha by her husband, who hired poets to sing about the beauty of the monastery he was staying at to her.
UpayaUpaya (Sanskrit: उपाय, , expedient means, pedagogy) is a term used in Buddhism to refer to an aspect of guidance along the Buddhist paths to liberation where a conscious, voluntary action "is driven by an incomplete reasoning" about its direction. Upaya is often used with kaushalya (कौशल्य, "cleverness"), upaya-kaushalya meaning "skill in means". Upaya-kaushalya is a concept emphasizing that practitioners may use their own specific methods or techniques that fit the situation in order to gain enlightenment.
BuddhavaṃsaThe Buddhavaṃsa (also known as the Chronicle of Buddhas) is a hagiographical Buddhist text which describes the life of Gautama Buddha and of the twenty-four Buddhas who preceded him and prophesied his attainment of Buddhahood. It is the fourteenth book of the Khuddaka Nikāya, which in turn is the fifth and last division of the Sutta Piṭaka. The Sutta Piṭaka is one of three pitakas (main sections) which together constitute the Tripiṭaka, or Pāli Canon of Theravāda Buddhism.
KosambiKosambi (Pali) or Kaushambi (Sanskrit) was an important city in ancient India. It was the capital of the Vatsa kingdom, one of the sixteen mahajanapadas. It was located on the Yamuna River about southwest of its confluence with the Ganges at Prayaga (modern Prayagraj). During 2nd millennium BCE Ochre Coloured Pottery culture spread in the region. Kosambi was one of the greatest cities in India from the late Vedic period until the end of Maurya Empire with occupation continuing until the Gupta Empire.
DharmaskandhaDharmaskandha (धर्मस्कन्ध) or Dharma-skandha-sastra (धर्मस्कन्ध शास्त्र) is one of the seven Sarvastivada Abhidharma Buddhist scriptures. Dharmaskandha means "collection of dharmas". It was composed by Sariputra (according to the Sanskrit and Tibetan sources) or Maudgalyayana (according to Chinese sources). The Chinese edition was translated by Xuanzang, and appears as: T26, No. 1537, 阿毘達磨法蘊足論, 尊者大目乾連造, 三藏法師玄奘奉 詔譯, in 12 fascicles. It begins with a matrka as a summary of the topics, showing its antiquity, as these were supposedly only assigned by the Buddha himself.
KaundinyaKaundinya (Sanskrit कौण्डिन्य), also known as Ājñātakauṇḍinya, Pali: Añña Koṇḍañña), was one of the first five Buddhist monks (Pancavaggiya), disciple of Gautama Buddha and the first to attain the fruit of Arahant. He lived during the 5th century BCE in what are now Uttar Pradesh and Bihar, India. According to traditional accounts, at the time of Gautama Buddha's birth, he predicted his future destination as an enlightened teacher. Kaundinya first came to prominence as a royal court scholar of King Suddhodana of the Sakyas in Kapilavastu.
Da zhidu lunThe Dà zhìdù lùn (abbreviated DZDL), (Chinese: 大智度論, Wade-Giles: Ta-chih-tu lun; Japanese: Daichido-ron (as in Taishō Tripiṭaka no. 1509); The Treatise on the Great Prajñāpāramitā) is a massive Mahāyāna Buddhist treatise and commentary on the Pañcaviṃśatisāhasrikā Prajñāpāramitā Sūtra (The Sūtra of Transcendental Wisdom in Twenty-five Thousand Lines). The title has been reconstructed into Sanskrit as Mahāprajñāpāramitopadeśa. and Mahāprajñāpāramitāśāstra. It is an encyclopedic compendium or summa of Mahayana Buddhist doctrine.
IddhiIddhi (Pali; Sanskrit: rddhi) in Buddhism refers to "psychic powers", one of the six supranormal powers (abhijñā) attained by advanced meditation through the four dhyānas. The main sense of the word seems to be "potency". According to Bowker, there are eight iddhi powers: Replicate and project bodily images of oneself, Make oneself invisible, Pass through solid objects, Sink into solid ground, Walk on water, Fly, Touch the sun and moon with one's hand, Ascend to the world of the god Brahmā in the highest heavens According to the Iddhipada-vibhanga Sutta (SN 51.
