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Portable Document Format (PDF), standardized as ISO 32000, is a developed by Adobe in 1992 to present documents, including text formatting and images, in a manner independent of application software, hardware, and operating systems. Based on the PostScript language, each PDF file encapsulates a complete description of a fixed-layout flat document, including the text, fonts, vector graphics, and other information needed to display it. PDF has its roots in "The Camelot Project" initiated by Adobe co-founder John Warnock in 1991. PDF was standardized as ISO 32000 in 2008. The last edition as ISO 32000-2:2020 was published in December 2020. PDF files may contain a variety of content besides flat text and graphics including logical structuring elements, interactive elements such as annotations and form-fields, layers, rich media (including video content), three-dimensional objects using U3D or , and various other . The PDF specification also provides for encryption and digital signatures, file attachments, and metadata to enable workflows requiring these features. History of PDF Adobe Systems made the PDF specification available free of charge in 1993. In the early years PDF was popular mainly in desktop publishing workflows, and competed with a variety of formats such as DjVu, Envoy, Common Ground Digital Paper, Farallon Replica and even Adobe's own PostScript format. PDF was a proprietary format controlled by Adobe until it was released as an open standard on July 1, 2008, and published by the International Organization for Standardization as ISO 32000-1:2008, at which time control of the specification passed to an ISO Committee of volunteer industry experts. In 2008, Adobe published a Public Patent License to ISO 32000-1 granting royalty-free rights for all patents owned by Adobe that are necessary to make, use, sell, and distribute PDF-compliant implementations. PDF 1.

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PDF

SVG

Scalable Vector Graphics (SVG) is an XML-based for defining two-dimensional graphics, having support for interactivity and animation. The SVG specification is an open standard developed by the World Wide Web Consortium since 1999. SVG images are defined in a vector graphics format and stored in XML text files. SVG images can thus be scaled in size without loss of quality, and SVG files can be searched, indexed, scripted, and compressed. The XML text files can be created and edited with text editors or vector graphics editors, and are rendered by the most-used web browsers.

ITU-T

The International Telecommunication Union Telecommunication Standardization Sector (ITU-T) is one of the three Sectors (branches) of the International Telecommunication Union (ITU). It is responsible for coordinating standards for telecommunications and Information Communication Technology, such as X.509 for cybersecurity, Y.3172 and Y.3173 for machine learning, and H.264/MPEG-4 AVC for video compression, between its Member States, Private Sector Members, and Academia Members.

A Case Study on the Effect of Using an Anchored-Discussion Forum in a Programming Course

Jean-Philippe Pellet

In the context of a programming course taught to college freshmen, we give an account of the switch from a classical, Moodle-based discussion forum to MIT's NotaBene (NB) platform. One of the defining

SPRINGER INTERNATIONAL PUBLISHING AG2018

Temperature and oxygen-concentration dependence of singlet oxygen production by RuPhen as induced by quasi-continuous excitation

Georges Wagnières, Veronika Huntosova, Jaroslav Varchola

Advanced Search Home > Journals > Photochemical & Photobi... > Temperature and oxygen-... For Authors & Referees | For Librarians | For Members Journal cover: Photochemical & Photobiological Scienc

2014

Looping probabilities of elastic chains: A path integral approach

John Maddocks, Ludovica Cotta-Ramusino

We consider an elastic chain at thermodynamic equilibrium with a heat bath, and derive an approximation to the probability density function, or pdf, governing the relative location and orientation of

2010

Introduction aux concepts de base de cheminformatique et aux principaux outils utilisés. Applications potentielles de ces outils en recherche pour la gestion de l'information.

Introduction aux phénomènes propagatifs dans les circuits hydrauliques, calculs de coups de béliers, comportement transitoires d'aménagements hydroélectriques, simulation numériques du comportement dy

L'objectif du cours est d'introduire les notions de base de l'algèbre linéaire et ses applications.

Explores hydroacoustics for hydroelectric installations, emphasizing characteristics methods and sound feature analysis.

Covers the use of cylindrical coordinates and Fubini's theorem to calculate volumes of revolution bodies.

Explores solutions of differential equations and properties of functions.