Potentiostat

A potentiostat is the electronic hardware required to control a three electrode cell and run most electroanalytical experiments. A Bipotentiostat and polypotentiostat are potentiostats capable of controlling two working electrodes and more than two working electrodes, respectively. The system functions by maintaining the potential of the working electrode at a constant level with respect to the reference electrode by adjusting the current at an auxiliary electrode. The heart of the different potentiostatic electronic circuits is an operational amplifier (op amp). It consists of an electric circuit which is usually described in terms of simple op amps. Primary use This equipment is fundamental to modern electrochemical studies using three electrode systems for investigations of reaction mechanisms related to redox chemistry and other chemical phenomena. The dimensions of the resulting data depend on the experiment. In voltammetry, electric current in amps is plotted

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Recovery of Cu, Pb, Cd and Zn from synthetic mixture by selective electrodeposition in chloride solution

Christos Comninellis

Secondary fly ash, resulting from thermal treatment processes, leads to a highly concd. chloride soln. with Cu, Pb, Cd and Zn as main heavy metals when dissolved in water. The selective electrodeposition of these heavy metals was studied. The goal was to recover, under potentiostatic conditions, each heavy metal with high purity, yield and reaction rates. By changing the parameters pH and overpotential, an optimum of the three requirements was looked for. In general, Cu, Pb and Cd could be sepd. with purities of 99 mol% or higher. Underpotential deposition probably is the main reason for the impurities in case of Cu and Pb deposition. H+ redn. as side reaction could be kept small for Cu, Pb and Cd even at lower pH by carefully selecting the overpotential. The quality of the deposits obtained depended strongly on the overpotential, but hardly on the pH. The deposits of Cu, Pb and Cd were easily removable from the cathode due to a dendritic growth mechanism. Zn deposits showed compact growth and adhered to the electrode surface. In addn., the structure of the deposits, revealed by scanning electron microscope (SEM), was compared with the current transients during electrodeposition. An enhancement factor r was introduced to compare the different deposition rates. [on SciFinder (R)]

2000

Platinum particles deposited on synthetic boron-doped diamond surfaces. Application to methanol oxidation

Christos Comninellis, Ilaria Duo

Two methods were used for the deposition of Pt particles on synthetic B-doped diamond (BDD) surfaces: chem. deposition and electrodeposition under potentiostatic conditions. However, electrodeposition leads much higher Pt dispersion than chem. deposition. The mechanism of nucleation and growing of the electrodeposited Pt was studied by chronoamperometric studies in acid medium. The electrodeposition on diamond surfaces shows a mechanism of progressive nucleation as deduced from the chronoamperometric studies in acid medium. The stability of the deposited Pt is very low and the Pt particle are dissolved/detached by cycling. The modified BDD electrodes by deposition of Pt were tested for the oxidn. of MeOH, showing that multi-step deposition results in higher values of surface and mass activities for MeOH oxidn. than 1-step deposition process. [on SciFinder (R)]

2003

Ultrafast charge separation dynamics in opaque, operational dye-sensitized solar cells revealed by femtosecond diffuse reflectance spectroscopy

Elham Ghadiri, Ulf Anders Hagfeldt, Jacques-Edouard Moser, Shaik Mohammed Zakeeruddin

Efficient dye-sensitized solar cells are based on highly diffusive mesoscopic layers that render these devices opaque and unsuitable for ultrafast transient absorption spectroscopy measurements in transmission mode. We developed a novel sub-200 femtosecond time-resolved diffuse reflectance spectroscopy scheme combined with potentiostatic control to study various solar cells in fully operational condition. We studied performance optimized devices based on liquid redox electrolytes and opaque TiO2 films, as well as other morphologies, such as TiO2 fibers and nanotubes. Charge injection from the Z907 dye in all TiO2 morphologies was observed to take place in the sub-200 fs time scale. The kinetics of electron-hole back recombination has features in the picosecond to nanosecond time scale. This observation is significantly different from what was reported in the literature where the electron-hole back recombination for transparent films of small particles is generally accepted to occur on a longer time scale of microseconds. The kinetics of the ultrafast electron injection remained unchanged for voltages between +500 mV and –690 mV, where the injection yield eventually drops steeply. The primary charge separation in Y123 organic dye based devices was clearly slower occurring in two picoseconds and no kinetic component on the shorter femtosecond time scale was recorded.

Nature Publishing Group2016

Electrochemistry

Electrochemistry is the branch of physical chemistry concerned with the relationship between electrical potential difference, as a measurable and quantitative phenomenon, and identifiable chemical ch

Electroanalytical methods

Electroanalytical methods are a class of techniques in analytical chemistry which study an analyte by measuring the potential (volts) and/or current (amperes) in an electrochemical cell containing the

Rotating disk electrode

In analytical chemistry, a rotating disk electrode (RDE) is a working electrode used in three-electrode systems for hydrodynamic voltammetry. The electrode rotates during experiments, inducing a fl

Introduction to heterogeneous integration for Nano-Bio-CMOS sensors on Chip. Understanding and designing of active Bio/CMOS interfaces powered by nanostructures.