Tishrei (ˈtɪʃreɪ) or Tishri (ˈtɪʃriː; tīšrē or tīšrī; from Akkadian tašrītu "beginning", from šurrû "to begin") is the first month of the civil year (which starts on 1 Tishrei) and the seventh month of the ecclesiastical year (which starts on 1 Nisan) in the Hebrew calendar. The name of the month is Babylonian. It is a month of 30 days. Tishrei usually occurs in September–October on the Gregorian calendar.
In the Hebrew Bible the month is called Ethanim (אֵתָנִים – ), or simply the seventh month. In the Babylonian calendar the month is known as Araḫ Tišritum, "Month of Beginning" (of the second half-year).
Edwin R. Thiele has concluded, in The Mysterious Numbers of the Hebrew Kings, that the ancient Kingdom of Judah counted years using the civil year starting in Tishrei, while the Kingdom of Israel counted years using the ecclesiastical new year starting in Nisan. Tishrei is the month used for the counting of the epoch year – i.e., the count of the year is incremented on 1 Tishrei.
1–2 Tishrei – Rosh Hashanah
3 Tishrei – Tzom Gedaliah – (Fast Day) – On Tishrei 4 when Tishrei 3 is Shabbat
9 Tishrei – Erev Yom Kippur
10 Tishrei – Yom Kippur – (Fast Day)
15–21 Tishrei – Sukkot/Sukkos
21 Tishrei – Hoshanah Rabbah
22 Tishrei (and 23 outside of Israel) – Shemini Atzeret/Atzeres & Simchat Torah/Simchas Torah
1 Tishrei (3760 BCE) – Adam and Eve were created, according to one opinion in the Talmud.
1 Tishrei (1923 CE) – Daf Yomi study regimen is launched.
2 Tishrei (1659 CE) – HaRav Tuvya and HaRav Yisroel were murdered in a blood libel in Razino.
3 Tishrei (582 BCE) – Assassination of Gedaliah; now a fast day.
4 Tishrei (1683 CE) – King Louis XIV expelled the Jews from all French territories in America.
5 Tishrei (135 CE) – Rabbi Akiva is arrested.
6 Tishrei (1964 CE) – Passing of Rebbetzin Chana Schneerson mother of the Lubavitcher Rebbe, Rabbi Menachem Mendel Schneerson.
6 Tishrei (1939 CE) – The Wehrmacht murdered 100 Jews in Lukov, Poland, Hy"d.
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Rosh HaShanah (רֹאשׁ הַשָּׁנָה, Rōʾš hašŠānā, literally "head of the year") is the Jewish New Year. The biblical name for this holiday is Yom Teruah (יוֹם תְּרוּעָה, Yōm Tərūʿā, lit. "day of shouting/blasting"). It is the first of the Jewish High Holy Days (יָמִים נוֹרָאִים, Yāmīm Nōrāʾīm, "Days of Awe"), as specified by Leviticus 23:23–25, that occur in the late summer/early autumn of the Northern Hemisphere. Rosh Hashanah begins a ten-day period of penitence culminating in Yom Kippur, as well as beginning the cycle of autumnal religious festivals running through Sukkot and ending in Shemini Atzeret.
Iyar (אִייָר or אִיָּר, Standard ʾĪyyar Tiberian ʾĪyyār; from 𒌗𒄞 itiayari "rosette; blossom") is the eighth month of the civil year (which starts on 1 Tishrei) and the second month of the Jewish religious year (which starts on 1 Nisan) on the Hebrew calendar. The name is Babylonian in origin. It is a month of 29 days. Iyar usually falls in April–May on the Gregorian calendar. In the Hebrew Bible, before the Babylonian captivity, the month was called Ziv (, ). Ziv is a Hebrew word that means "light" or "glow".
Marcheshvan (מַרְחֶשְׁוָן, Standard , Tiberian ; from Akkadian , literally, 'eighth month'), sometimes shortened to Cheshvan (חֶשְׁוָן, Standard Tiberian ), is the second month of the civil year (which starts on 1 Tishrei), and the eighth month of the ecclesiastical year (which starts on 1 Nisan) on the Hebrew calendar. In a regular () year, Marcheshvan has 29 days, but because of the Rosh Hashanah postponement rules, in some years, an additional day is added to Marcheshvan to make the year a "full" () year.