Ancillary services (electric power)

Summary

Ancillary services are the services necessary to support the transmission of electric power from generators to consumers given the obligations of control areas and transmission utilities within those control areas to maintain reliable operations of the interconnected transmission system. "Ancillary services are all services required by the transmission or distribution system operator to enable them to maintain the integrity and stability of the transmission or distribution system as well as the power quality". Ancillary services are specialty services and functions provided by actors within the electric grid that facilitate and support the continuous flow of electricity, so that the demand for electrical energy is met in real time. The term ancillary services is used to refer to a variety of operations beyond generation and transmission that are required to maintain grid stability and security. These services generally include active power control or frequency control and reactive po

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Real-time Control of Battery Energy Storage Systems to Provide Ancillary Services Considering Voltage-Dependent Capability of DC-AC Converters

Mario Paolone, Zhao Yuan, Antonio Zecchino

Frequency response and voltage support are vital ancillary services for power grids. In this paper, we design and experimentally validate a real-time control framework for battery energy storage systems (BESSs) to provide ancillary services to power grids. The objective of the control system is to utilize the full capability of the BESSs to provide ancillary services. We take the voltage-dependent capability curve of the DC-AC converter and the security requirements of BESSs as constraints of the control system. The initial power set-points are obtained based on the droop control approach. To guarantee the feasibility of the power set-points with respect to both the converter capability and BESS security constraints, the final power set-points calculation is formulated as a nonconvex optimization problem. A convex and computationally efficient reformulation of the original control problem is then proposed. We prove that the proposed convex optimization gives the global optimal solution to the original nonconvex problem. We improve the computational performance of this algorithm by discretizing the feasible region of the optimization model. We achieve a 100 ms update time of the controller setpoint computation in the experimental validation of the utility-scale 720 kVA / 560 kWh BESS on the EPFL campus.

2021

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Energy balance and ancillary services provided by distributed storage systems to active distribution networks represent two aspects of a single problem that needs to be properly treated in view of the typical distribution networks parameters. In this context, the paper focuses on the problem of the optimal siting and sizing of distributed storage systems. In particular, the paper proposes the formulation of a problem that accounts: (i) the voltage support of storage systems to the grid, (ii) the network losses and (iii) the cost of the energy-flow towards the external grid. As the formulated problem is mixedinteger, non-convex and non-linear, its solution requires the adoption of heuristic techniques. In this respect, a two-stage iterative procedure is proposed. The first stage of the procedure utilizes a genetic algorithm to provide locations and sizes of the distributed storage systems; the second stage evaluates the fitness of the solution provided by the first part by solving a daily AC optimal power flow. An application example, referring to the IEEE 13 busses test feeder, is included in order to demonstrate and discuss the efficiency of the proposed method.

2013

On the Optimal Placement of Distributed Storage Systems for Voltage Control in Active Distribution Networks

Marc Hohmann, Mostafa Nick, Mario Paolone

Within the context of ancillary services provided to active distribution networks by distributed storage systems (DSSs), the paper focuses on the problem of optimally locating DSSs in order to maximize their support to the network voltage control. In particular, the paper proposes an optimal planning procedure that accounts specifically for the minimization of the network voltage deviations based on the formulation of a mixedinteger linear programing problem. In view of the large size of the problem, its solution relies on the so-called benders decomposition technic. The paper discusses the performance and the sensitivities of the proposed method as function of different scenarios accounting for various loads and distributed generation (DG) profiles as well as for different number of DSSs. An application example, referring to the IEEE 13 busses test feeder, is finally included to demonstrate, and discuss, the efficiency of the proposed method.

IEEE Power Engineering Society and Technische Universität Berlin, Germany2012