Maritime transport

Summary

Maritime transport (or ocean transport) or more generally waterborne transport, is the transport of people (passengers) or goods (cargo) via waterways. Freight transport by sea has been widely used throughout recorded history. The advent of aviation has diminished the importance of sea travel for passengers, though it is still popular for short trips and pleasure cruises. Transport by water is cheaper than transport by air or ground, but significantly slower for longer distances. Maritime transport accounts for roughly 80% of international trade, according to UNCTAD in 2020. Maritime transport can be realized over any distance by boat, ship, sailboat or barge, over oceans and lakes, through canals or along rivers. Shipping may be for commerce, recreation, or military purposes. While extensive inland shipping is less critical today, the major waterways of the world including many canals are still very important and are integral parts of worldwide economies. Particularly, especia

Official source

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maritime_transport

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Marine transport of plastic fragments from dolly ropes used in demersal fisheries in the North Sea

Florence Marie Renée Cuttat

Dolly ropes (DR) are used in beamtrawling and other types of fishing to protect the nets from being ripped by the sea bottom. They constitute an important source of plastic pollution in the regions where this type of fishing prevails. The aim of this project is to assess spatially, quantitatively and qualitatively the extent of the pollution caused by this gear. For this, a hydrodynamic model will be created containing the following information: â¢ Hydrodynamic properties of the north sea. An already existing model will be used for this part. â¢ Spacial distribution of the free floating sampled DR. The coordinates of each DR sampled by Bastian Huwer will be inputted in the model to represent the actual spatial distribution of the DR. Additionally and if possible, some of the sampled DR will be analyzed with electron microscopy to allow qualitative dating of the object. The intensity of fishing using this gear will be spatially estimated to be inserted into the model as a source of DR pollution. â¢ Physical properties of the DR. The DR collected were weighed and measured. A laboratory experiment will be conducted to assess potential vertical distribution of the objects and the plastic composition and its properties will be assessed. â¢ Interaction with biosphere will be implemented into the model based on available literature.

2018

Marine transport of plastic fragments from dolly ropes used in demersal fisheries in the North Sea.

Florence Marie Renée Cuttat

2018

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Abstract. This paper presents the Spatially Explicit Hydrologic Response (SEHR) model developed at the Laboratory of Ecohydrology of the Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne for the simulation of hydrological processes at the catchment scale. The key concept of the model is the formulation of water transport by geomorphologic travel time distributions through gravity-driven transitions among geomorphic states: the mobilization of water (and possibly dissolved solutes) is simulated at the subcatchment scale and the resulting responses are convolved with the travel paths distribution within the river network to obtain the hydrologic response at the catchment outlet. The model thus breaks down the complexity of the hydrologic response into an explicit geomorphological combination of dominant spatial patterns of precipitation input and of hydrologic process controls. Nonstationarity and nonlinearity effects are tackled through soil moisture dynamics in the active soil layer. We present here the basic model set-up for precipitation–runoff simulation and a detailed discussion of its parameter estimation and of its performance for the Dischma River (Switzerland), a snow-dominated catchment with a small glacier cover.

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