Transport maritime

Résumé

vignette|redresse=1.5|Carte des principales routes maritimes, des principaux en (détroits, canaux transocéaniques), et des plus grands ports à conteneurs (en 2018). vignette|redresse=1.5|Répartition du tonnage mondial par catégories de navires de charge : navires à unités de charge 25 % (, , porte-conteneurs), navires de vrac 75 % (vraquier liquide, vraquier sec). vignette|Dans un porte-conteneurs, les « boîtes » sont empilées à la fois en cale et sur le pont. Le transport maritime est la circulation par mer de marchandises (cargos), de passagers (ferries et navires de croisières) et l'activité liée aux ports. Les moyens de circulation sont assurés essentiellement par la marine marchande. Il s'agit du mode de transport le plus important pour la circulation de marchandises (90 % des échanges mondiaux au début du ). Le transport de personnes par voie maritime a perdu beaucoup d'importance du fait de l'essor de l'aviation commerciale ; il subsiste de manière significative dans seule

Source officielle

https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_maritime

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This course covers principles of snow physics, snow hydrology, snow-atmosphere interaction and snow modeling. It transmits sound understanding of physical processes within the snow and at its interfaces with the atmosphere and the ground, including field, laboratory, and modeling techniques.

L'étudiant se familiarise avec les domaines de turbomachines thermiques et hydrauliques et les différents types de machines dans ce domaine. Il étudie les outils de base de conception et d'évaluation.

This course provides students with an overview over the basics of environmental chemistry. This includes the chemistry of natural systems, as well as the fate of anthropogenic chemicals in natural systems. It enables students to apply general chemical concepts to natural systems.

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Séances de cours associées (25)

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Marine transport of plastic fragments from dolly ropes used in demersal fisheries in the North Sea

Florence Marie Renée Cuttat

Dolly ropes (DR) are used in beamtrawling and other types of fishing to protect the nets from being ripped by the sea bottom. They constitute an important source of plastic pollution in the regions where this type of fishing prevails. The aim of this project is to assess spatially, quantitatively and qualitatively the extent of the pollution caused by this gear. For this, a hydrodynamic model will be created containing the following information: â¢ Hydrodynamic properties of the north sea. An already existing model will be used for this part. â¢ Spacial distribution of the free floating sampled DR. The coordinates of each DR sampled by Bastian Huwer will be inputted in the model to represent the actual spatial distribution of the DR. Additionally and if possible, some of the sampled DR will be analyzed with electron microscopy to allow qualitative dating of the object. The intensity of fishing using this gear will be spatially estimated to be inserted into the model as a source of DR pollution. â¢ Physical properties of the DR. The DR collected were weighed and measured. A laboratory experiment will be conducted to assess potential vertical distribution of the objects and the plastic composition and its properties will be assessed. â¢ Interaction with biosphere will be implemented into the model based on available literature.

2018

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Marine transport of plastic fragments from dolly ropes used in demersal fisheries in the North Sea.

Florence Marie Renée Cuttat

2018

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SEHR-ECHO v1.0: a Spatially Explicit Hydrologic Response model for ecohydrologic applications

Enrico Bertuzzo, Pierfrancesco Da Ronco, Cédric Imfeld, Ludovico Nicotina, Andrea Rinaldo, Bettina Schaefli

Abstract. This paper presents the Spatially Explicit Hydrologic Response (SEHR) model developed at the Laboratory of Ecohydrology of the Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne for the simulation of hydrological processes at the catchment scale. The key concept of the model is the formulation of water transport by geomorphologic travel time distributions through gravity-driven transitions among geomorphic states: the mobilization of water (and possibly dissolved solutes) is simulated at the subcatchment scale and the resulting responses are convolved with the travel paths distribution within the river network to obtain the hydrologic response at the catchment outlet. The model thus breaks down the complexity of the hydrologic response into an explicit geomorphological combination of dominant spatial patterns of precipitation input and of hydrologic process controls. Nonstationarity and nonlinearity effects are tackled through soil moisture dynamics in the active soil layer. We present here the basic model set-up for precipitation–runoff simulation and a detailed discussion of its parameter estimation and of its performance for the Dischma River (Switzerland), a snow-dominated catchment with a small glacier cover.

2014

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