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A telephone is a telecommunications device that permits two or more users to conduct a conversation when they are too far apart to be easily heard directly. A telephone converts sound, typically and most efficiently the human voice, into electronic signals that are transmitted via cables and other communication channels to another telephone which reproduces the sound to the receiving user. The term is derived from τῆλε (tēle, far) and φωνή (phōnē, voice), together meaning distant voice. A common short form of the term is phone, which came into use early in the telephone's history. In 1876, Alexander Graham Bell was the first to be granted a United States patent for a device that produced clearly intelligible replication of the human voice at a second device. This instrument was further developed by many others, and became rapidly indispensable in business, government, and in households. The essential elements of a telephone are a microphone (transmitter) to speak into and an earph

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Secured vocal access to telephone servers

Dominique Genoud

A number of applications of man-machine interaction over the telephone requires a combination of speech recognition and speaker verification. This paper describes current work carried out at IDIAP in the framework of national and European projects. A generic Interactive Voice Server (IVS) is described by means of a graphical formalism. It includes speech recognition based on speaker independent flexible vocabulary technology and speaker verification performed by a number of techniques executed in parallel, and combined for optimal decision.

IDIAP / CNRS1996

Secured vocal access to telephone servers

Dominique Genoud

1996

MicroCast: Cooperative Video Streaming on Smartphones

Christina Fragouli, Lorenzo Keller

Video streaming is one of the increasingly popular, as well as de- manding, applications on smartphones today. In this paper, we con- sider a group of smartphone users, within proximity of each other, who are interested in watching the same video from the Internet at the same time. The common practice today is that each user down- loads the video independently using her own cellular connection, which often leads to poor quality. We design, implement, and evaluate a novel system, MicroCast, that uses the resources on all smartphones of the group in a co- operative way so as to improve the streaming experience. Each phone uses simultaneously two network interfaces: the cellular to connect to the video server and the WiFi to connect to the rest of the group. Key ingredients of our design include the follow- ing. First, we propose a scheduling algorithm, MicroDownload, that decides which parts of the video each phone should download from the server, based on the phones’ download rate. Second, we propose a novel all-to-all local dissemination scheme, MicroNC- P2, for sharing content among group members, which outperforms state-of-the-art peer-to-peer schemes in our setting. MicroNC-P2 is designed to exploit WiFi overhearing and network coding, based on a local packet broadcast framework, MicroBroadcast, which we developed specifically for Android phones. We evaluate MicroCast on a testbed consisting of seven Android phones, and we show that it brings significant performance benefits without battery penalty.

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