Underground city

Summary

An underground city is a series of linked subterranean spaces that may provide a defensive refuge; a place for living, working or shopping; a transit system; mausolea; wine or storage cellars; cisterns or drainage channels; or several of these. Underground cities may be currently active modern creations or they may be historic including ancient sites, some of which may be all or partially open to the public. The term may also refer to a network of tunnels that connects buildings beneath street level that may house office blocks, shopping centres, metro stations, theatres, and other attractions. These passages can usually be accessed through the public space of any of the buildings connecting to them, and sometimes have separate entries as well. This latter definition encompasses many modern structures, whereas the former more generally covers tunnel systems from ancient times to the present day. Underground cities are especially functional in cities with very cold or hot climates, b

Official source

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underground_city

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Design of anidolic zenithal lightguides for daylighting of underground spaces

Gilles Courret, Laurent Michel, Bernard Paule, Jean-Louis Scartezzini

2001

Recently major transport operators such as Transport for London or RATP in Paris developed an interest for walking issues, and seek to promote walking as an integrated part of their transport offer. This paper draws from two case studies being carried out on behalf of these operators. It will explain in which context this interest has risen, what are the motivations behind the development of a walking-friendly network (focusing on its hubs, their attractiveness and accessibility as well as their relations to other attractors), and how targeting the walker as a potential client for public transport can be achieved. The paper will show how walking and public transport enhance each other as they enrich the realm of possibilities regarding both mode choice strategies and route strategies. It will also explore walkings pivotal role in associating public transport with individual modes of transport. Walking performance is decrypted as a vital factor in developing full-fledged multimodal trip-chaining capacities, especially when linked with on-demand modes of immediate and free access, such as vélib and autolib. A typology of walking facilitators and hindrances will be brought forth to describe both optimal and suboptimal conditions within the exchange nodes and interfaces themselves as well as beyond into the public realm. This paper will also describe the advantages and the shortcomings of a certain number of design principles aimed at promoting walking, for instances active frontage that facilitates navigation, pedestrian interfaces that fulfil pedestrian-specific needs, and the weaving of over & underground spaces into a continuous walkscape. Finally, this paper shall deal with the crucial notion of which are the optimal scales to develop an operating walking network in order for walking to be truly efficient, not just by itself but especially in combination with other modes. The paper outlines the idea that the multimodal walker is at its best at the agglomeration scale, and goes on to give some groundbreaking arguments on why this is so.

2009

An Integrated Planning Concept for the Emerging Underground Urbanism: Deep City Method Part 1 Concept, process and application

Huanqing Li, Aurèle Parriaux, Philippe Thalmann

Four underground resources have been seen as having a long-term potential to support sustainable urban development: underground space, groundwater, geomaterials and geothermal energy. Utilization of these resources proposes a new paradigm of economic development: underground urbanism. The new management approach named “Deep City Method” is put forward to aid decision-makers to integrate global potential of the urban underground into city-scale strategic planning. The research output will be presented in form of two papers each with a different focus. Part 1 aims to introduce the concept, process and initial application in Switzerland; Part 2 is devoted to show methodological insight for a new zoning policy in China and investment scenarios for project cost viability. This Part 1 paper will begin by presenting the fundamental concept of the Deep City Method, followed by a proposition for a trans-institutional planning process. The application is firstly based on a rating system to identify cities having a potential for underground development. The city of Geneva is selected for conceptual application and strategic level study. Further operational steps are required in order to generalize the concept to other cities around the world.

Elsevier2013

2009