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Concept
Syrian civil war
Summary
The Syrian civil war (al-ḥarb al-ʾahlīyah al-sūrīyah) is an ongoing multi-sided civil war in Syria fought between the Syrian Arab Republic led by Syrian president Bashar al-Assad (supported by domestic and foreign allies) and various domestic and foreign forces that oppose both the Syrian government and each other, in varying combinations.
Popular discontent with the Ba'athist government led to eruption of large-scale protests, student demonstrations and pro-democracy rallies across Syria in March 2011 as part of the wider Arab Spring protests. The peaceful protests were violently suppressed by Syrian military in deadly crackdowns ordered by Bashar al-Assad, resulting in tens of thousands of deaths and detentions. The uprising, known as the Syrian Revolution, escalated into an insurgency following the expansion of crackdowns and formation of resistance militias across the country; with the crisis deteriorating into a full-blown civil war by 2012. The war is currently fought by several factions. The Syrian Armed Forces alongside its domestic and foreign allies represent the Syrian Arab Republic and Assad regime. Opposed to it is the Syrian Interim Government, a big-tent alliance of pro-democratic, nationalist opposition groups (whose military forces consist of the Syrian National Army and allied Free Syrian militias). Another faction is the Syrian Salvation Government, whose armed forces are represented by a coalition of Sunni militias led by Tahrir al-Sham. Independent of them is the de facto autonomous territory of Rojava, whose armed wing is the Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF). Other competing factions include Salafi Jihadist organisations such as the Al-Qaeda-branch Hurras al-Din (successor of Al-Nusra Front) and the Islamic State (IS). The peak of the war was during 2012–2017; violence in the country has since diminished, but the situation remains a crisis.
A number of foreign countries, such as Iran, Russia, Turkey, and United States, have been directly involved in the civil war; providing support to opposing factions in the conflict.
Official source
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