Food chain

Summary

A food chain is a linear network of links in a food web starting from producer organisms (such as grass or algae which produce their own food via photosynthesis) and ending at an apex predator species (like grizzly bears or killer whales), detritivores (like earthworms or woodlice), or decomposer species (such as fungi or bacteria). A food chain also shows how organisms are related to each other by the food they eat. Each level of a food chain represents a different trophic level. A food chain differs from a food web because the complex network of different animals' feeding relations are aggregated and the chain only follows a direct, linear pathway of one animal at a time. Natural interconnections between food chains make it a food web. Food chains were first introduced by Charles Elton, which also introduced the food web concept. A common metric used to quantify food web trophic structure is food chain length. In its simplest form, the length of a chain is the number of links bet

Official source

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_chain

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Soil pollution is a major environmental problem actually in China and in the world. It increases environmental risks and can affect humans through the food chain. Like solutions to clean-up the soils are generally expensive and can have side effects on environment, phytoremediation, an environmental friendly technology is a good alternative to traditional remediation. Nevertheless, some improvements must be done to increase its efficiency and make it economically viable. The goal of this work is to study two strategies respectful of the environment to improve the efficiency of phytoremediation: the co-cropping and the addition of amendments. Two Chinese species, Sedum alfredii (hyperaccumulator of cadmium) and Ricinus communis (accumulator of DDT) were co-cropped in pots with a soil contaminated by cadmium and DDT, in which different amendments (rapeseed waste, pig manure, a bio-surfactant: tea saponin, one of its by-product, and sulfur) were added to observe if they increase the efficiency of the phytoremediation. Bacteria were also used to improve DDT degradation. If the ricinus grew fast and easily, sedum biomass was very low and seems not suitable for co-cropping in these conditions. The rapeseed waste inhibit the growth of plants, suggesting that the dose was probably to high. Other amendments allowed a relatively similar growth with sensitively the best for tea saponin and microbes do not affect significantly the biomass. After determined in laboratory that tea saponin enhance the desorption of DDT and Cd in soil, an other pot experiment was started with Ricinus communis in soil amended with different concentrations of saponin to see if it also improve the phytoremediation. In the future, if the addition of amendments can enhance the phytoremediation as expected, analysis of parameters such as the quantity of nutrients or pollutants bioavailable or the structure of dissolve organic matter (DOM) might be done to see if they can explain this phenomenon. Further analysis in field conditions and with optimal concentrations of amendments are needed to determine if and in which conditions these strategies can be applicable at large scale.

2011

Influence of Microplastics on Microbial Structure, Function, and Mechanical Properties of Stream Periphyton

Renata Behra, Kristin Schirmer, Ahmed Tlili

Periphyton is a freshwater biofilm composed of prokaryotic and eukaryotic communities that occupy rocks and sediments, forming the base of the food web and playing a key role in nutrient cycling. Given the large surface that periphyton comprises, it may also act as a sink for a diverse range of man-made pollutants, including microplastics (MP). Here we investigated the effect of 1-4 mu m and 63-75 mu m sized, spherical polyethylene MP with native and ultraviolet (UV)-weathered surface on developing natural stream periphyton communities over 28 days. In order to ensure proper particle exposure, we first tested MP suspension in water or in water containing either Tween 80, extracellular polymeric substances - EPS, fulvic acids, or protein. We found the extract of EPS from natural periphyton to be most suitable to create MP suspensions in preparation of exposure. Upon exposure, all tested types of MP were found to be associated with the periphyton, independent of their size and other properties. While biomass accrual and phenotypic community structure of the photoautotrophs remained unchanged, the prokaryotic and eukaryotic communities experienced a significant change in composition and relative abundances. Moreover, alpha diversity was affected in eukaryotes, but not in prokaryotes. The observed changes were more prominent in periphyton exposed to UV-treated as compared with native surface MP. Mechanical properties, as assessed by compression rheology, showed that MP-exposed periphyton had longer filamentous streamers, higher stiffness, lower force recovery and a higher viscoelasticity than control periphyton. Despite the observed structural and mechanical changes of periphyton, functional parameters (i.e., photosynthetic yield, respiration and nutrient uptake efficiencies) were not altered by MP, indicating the absence of MP toxicity, and suggesting functional redundancy in the communities. Together, our results provide further proof that periphyton is a sink for MP and demonstrate that MP can impact local microbial community composition and mechanical properties of the biofilms. Consequences of these findings might be a change in dislodgement behavior of periphyton, a propagation through the food chains and impacts on nutrient cycling and energy transfer. Hence, taking the omnipresence, high persistence and material and size diversity of MP in the aquatic environment into account, their ecological consequences need further investigation.

FRONTIERS MEDIA SA2022

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Waterborne viruses are responsible for numerous diseases and are abundant in aquatic systems. Understanding the fate of viruses in natural systems has important implications for human health. This research quantifies the uptake of bacteriophage T4 and the enteric virus echovirus 11 when exposed to the filter feeders Tetrahymena pyriformis and Daphnia magna, and also examines the potential of viral transfer due to trophic interactions. Experiments co-incubating each species with the viruses over 72-96 hours showed up to 4-log virus removal for T. pyriformis, while direct viral uptake by D. magna was not observed. However, viral uptake by D. magna occurred indirectly by viral transfer from prey to predator, through D. magna feeding on virus loaded T. pyriformis. This predator-prey interaction resulted in 1-log additional virus removal compared to removal by T.pyriformis alone. Incomplete viral inactivation by D. magna was observed through recovery of infective viruses from daphnid tissue. This research furthers our understanding of the impacts of zooplankton filter feeding on viral inactivation and shows the potential for viral transfer through the food chain. The viral-zooplankton interactions observed in these studies indicate that zooplankton may improve water quality through viral uptake or may serve as vectors for infection by accumulating viruses.

2020

2011

Influence of Microplastics on Microbial Structure, Function, and Mechanical Properties of Stream Periphyton

Renata Behra, Kristin Schirmer, Ahmed Tlili

FRONTIERS MEDIA SA2022