Uniform Resource Identifier

Summary

A Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) is a unique sequence of characters that identifies a logical or physical resource used by web technologies. URIs may be used to identify anything, including real-world objects, such as people and places, concepts, or information resources such as web pages and books. Some URIs provide a means of locating and retrieving information resources on a network (either on the Internet or on another private network, such as a computer filesystem or an Intranet); these are Uniform Resource Locators (URLs). A URL provides the location of the resource. A URI identifies the resource by name at the specified location or URL. Other URIs provide only a unique name, without a means of locating or retrieving the resource or information about it, these are Uniform Resource Names (URNs). The web technologies that use URIs are not limited to web browsers. URIs are used to identify anything described using the Resource Description Framework (RDF), for example, concepts t

Official source

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniform_Resource_Identifier

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MoDN-Flip: Optimizing Modular Clinical Decision Support Networks with Decision Flippability Score

Kuan Tung

BACKGROUND. Clinical Decision Support Systems (CDSS) are point-of-care questionnaires that guide consultations to evidence-based predictions with the aim of standardizing care and optimizing resource allocation. The data collected in these tools contain potentially useful insights to further train its predictive algorithms, however, the questionnaire structure biases data with systematic missingness, making it unusable in traditional models. Further, privacy and interoperability issues make it challenging to synergize with data collected in related CDSS tools. The Modular Decision Support Network (MoDN) was previously proposed by our group to address these issues. It can predict diagnoses at each step in a consultation using sequentially encoded questions. However, it lacks the ability to provide information on unencoded questions, such as predicting their importance, which could potentially optimize questionnaire structure. AIM. In this work, we aim to optimize MoDN by deriving a flippability score (FS) which computes the importance of a question in the form of how likely its answer would flip (change) the predicted diagnoses. METHODS & FINDINGS. The FS is computed with the help of MoDN’s feature decoders that predict unknown feature values in the data. The optimal questionnaire order is then derived by feeding MoDN the question with the highest FS. This approach—-MoDN-flip—- is validated on two independent real world CDSS-derived data sets of pediatric outpatients. We show that FS-optimized question order can achieve the baseline predictive performance 14.71% faster (or with 3.53 fewer questions) compared to MoDN with the original question order. FS-optimized questionnaires are also able to improve the cumulative F1 score by 5.24%. Furthermore, we test the utility of FS-optimization when porting MoDN to an imperfectly interoperable data set (i.e. with slightly different questionnaire structures and partially-overlapping feature sets). The results show that the score is valid in a new dataset and can provide better predictive performance at an earlier stages, albeit a slight cost to final performance. CONCLUSION. With the aim of providing data-driven questionnaire optimization for CDSS tools, we propose the flippability score, which indicates the importance of each potential question in a consultation. The experimental results show that FS can express predictive importance of questions and has the potential to significantly optimize questionnaire structure. It is now necessary to evaluate this ordering against human consultation logic.

2022

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Diffusion of CO2 in polylactide was modelled by assuming the diffusion coefficient to depend on CO2 concentration, c, according to D[c]=D[0]exp[Ac], where D[0] and A are empirical constants, with the aim of optimizing impregnation of nominally amorphous and semicrystalline polylactide/CO2-based precursors for physical foaming. Numerical simulations provided a consistent description of desorption at different temperatures, T, from polylactide impregnated with liquid CO2 at 10? and 5MPa, and D[0,T] could be represented analytically using Arrhenius or Williams-Landel-Ferry-type expressions, allowing interpolation and extrapolation. Sorption was argued on this basis to involve a step-like diffusion front, such that the CO2 content of a plate of thickness l increased as (D[0]t)(1/2)l(-1)F[Ac-o], where c(o) is the value of c at saturation and F is a function of Ac-o only. A major practical concern with polylactide/CO2 precursors is that the glass transition temperature, T-g, decreases strongly with c, so that amorphous polylactide saturated with CO2 at 10? and 5MPa degasses spontaneously at room temperature and pressure. However, it was inferred from the models and confirmed experimentally that partial impregnation in liquid CO2 for relatively short times could provide a relatively rapid means of preparing precursors with a roughly uniform CO2 content of around 0.1g/g that were stable with respect to rapid CO2 loss on heating to room temperature. The resulting precursors gave satisfactory foam morphologies and densities on foaming at 100?. Moreover, it was also possible to adapt the impregnation conditions so as to obtain partially foamed structures from semicrystalline polylactide under these conditions, in spite of its tendency to undergo cold crystallization during impregnation in liquid CO2, which suppressed expansion of saturated specimens at 100?.

Sage Publications Ltd2016

Abstract interdomain security assertions: A basis for extra-grid virtual organizations

Philippe Janson

One significant challenge in building grids between organizations with heterogeneous security systems is the need to express and enforce security policies that specify the users in one organization (the source domain) who are allowed to access the resources in another organization (the target domain). This requires linking the syntax and semantics of security assertions referring to users and their attributes in the source domain to those referring to resources in the target domain. This paper suggests some basic requirements for solving this problem, in particular, an abstract form of interdomain security assertion (IDSA) relying, for instance, on globally meaningful URIs (Uniform Resource Identifiers) to refer to users, resources, and their attributes. This canonical abstract form IDSA is, however, used strictly for assertion mapping purposes. It may - but need not - be visible in any concrete security assertion syntax in any domain. The paper further suggests different scenarios in which URIs for users, resources, and attributes defined in one domain can be mapped to semantically meaningful references - with varying degrees of granularity and accountability - in another domain where they would otherwise be meaningless. © 2004 IBM.

2004

MoDN-Flip: Optimizing Modular Clinical Decision Support Networks with Decision Flippability Score

Kuan Tung

2022