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An examination (exam or evaluation) or test is an educational assessment intended to measure a test-taker's knowledge, skill, aptitude, physical fitness, or classification in many other topics (e.g., beliefs). A test may be administered verbally, on paper, on a computer, or in a predetermined area that requires a test taker to demonstrate or perform a set of skills. Tests vary in style, rigor and requirements. There is no general consensus or invariable standard for test formats and difficulty. Often, the format and difficulty of the test is dependent upon the educational philosophy of the instructor, subject matter, class size, policy of the educational institution, and requirements of accreditation or governing bodies. A test may be administered formally or informally. An example of an informal test is a reading test administered by a parent to a child. A formal test might be a final examination administered by a teacher in a classroom or an IQ test administered by a psychologis

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Evaluating the Explainers: Black-Box Explainable Machine Learning for Student Success Prediction in MOOCs

Natasa Krco, Mirko Marras, Vinitra Swamy

Neural networks are ubiquitous in applied machine learning for education. Their pervasive success in predictive performance comes alongside a severe weakness, the lack of explainability of their decisions, especially relevant in human-centric fields. We implement five state-of-the-art methodologies for explaining black-box machine learning models (LIME, PermutationSHAP, KernelSHAP, DiCE, CEM) and examine the strengths of each approach on the downstream task of student performance prediction for five massive open online courses. Our experiments demonstrate that the families of explainers do not agree with each other on feature importance for the same Bidirectional LSTM models with the same representative set of students. We use Principal Component Analysis, Jensen-Shannon distance, and Spearman's rank-order correlation to quantitatively cross-examine explanations across methods and courses. Furthermore, we validate explainer performance across curriculum-based prerequisite relationships. Our results come to the concerning conclusion that the choice of explainer is an important decision and is in fact paramount to the interpretation of the predictive results, even more so than the course the model is trained on. Source code and models are released at http://github.com/epfl-ml4ed/evaluating-explainers.

2022

Task-based evaluation of meeting browsers: from BET task elicitation to user behavior analysis

Andrei Popescu-Belis

This paper presents recent results of the application of the task-based Browser Evaluation Test (BET) to meeting browsers, that is, interfaces to multimodal databases of meeting recordings. The tasks were defined by browser-neutral BET observers. Two groups of human subjects used the Transcript-based Query and Browsing interface (TQB), and attempted to solve as many BET tasks – pairs of true/false statements to disambiguate – as possible in a fixed amount of time. Their performance was measured in terms of precision and speed. Results indicate that the browser’s annotation-based search functionality is frequently used, in particular the keyword search. A more detailed analysis of each test question for each participant confirms that despite considerable variation across strategies, the use of queries is correlated to successful performance.

2008

A Network Based Kernel Density Estimator Applied to Barcelona Economic Activities

Stéphane Joost, Nicolas Lachance-Bernard, Timothée Produit, Emanuele Strano

This paper presents a methodology to compute an innovative density indicator of spatial events. The methodology is based on a modified Kernel Density Estimator (KDE) that operates along road networks, and named Network based Kernel Density Estimator (NetKDE). In this research, retail and service economic activities are projected on the road network whose edges are weighted by a set of centrality values calculated with a Multiple Centrality Assessment (MCA). First, this paper calculate a density indicator for the point pattern analysis on human activities in a network constrained environment. Then, this indicator is modified to evaluate network performance in term of centrality. The methodology is applied to the city of Barcelona to explore the potential of the approach on more than 11,000 network edges and 166,000 economic activities.

Springer-Verlag New York, Ms Ingrid Cunningham, 175 Fifth Ave, New York, Ny 10010 Usa2010

Standardized test

A standardized test is a test that is administered and scored in a consistent, or "standard", manner. Standardized tests are designed in such a way that the questions and interpretations are consiste

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Education is the transmission of knowledge, skills, and character traits. There are many debates about its precise definition, for example, about which aims it tries to achieve. A further issue is whe

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Psychometrics is a field of study within psychology concerned with the theory and technique of measurement. Psychometrics generally refers to specialized fields within psychology and education dev

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