January 1980
January 4 – U.S. President Jimmy Carter proclaims a grain embargo against the USSR with the support of the European Commission.
January 6 – Global Positioning System time epoch begins at 00:00 UTC.
January 9 – In Saudi Arabia, 63 Islamist insurgents are beheaded for their part in the siege of the Great Mosque in Mecca in November 1979.
January 14 – Congress (I) party leader, Indira Gandhi returns to power as the Prime Minister of India.
January 20 – At least 200 people are killed when the Corralejas Bullring collapses at Sincelejo, Colombia.
January 21 – The London Gold Fixing hits its highest price ever of 843pertroyounce(2,249.50 in 2020 when adjusted for inflation).
January 22 – Andrei Sakharov, Soviet scientist and human rights activist, is arrested in Moscow.
January 26 – Israel and Egypt establish diplomatic relations.
January 27 – Canadian Caper: Six United States diplomats, posing as Canadians, manage to escape from Tehran, Iran, as they board a flight to Zürich, Switzerland, on Swissair.
January 31 – Burning of the Spanish Embassy in Guatemala: The Spanish Embassy in Guatemala is invaded and set on fire, killing 36 people. In the United States, it is dubbed "Spain's own Tehran".
February 1980
February 2 – Abscam: FBI personnel target members of the Congress of the United States in a sting operation.
February 2 – 3 – The New Mexico State Penitentiary riot takes place; 33 inmates are killed and more than 100 inmates injured.
February 4 – Abolhassan Banisadr is sworn in as the first President of Iran after winning the January 25 presidential election.
February 13 – The 1980 Winter Olympics open in Lake Placid, New York.
February 15 – In Vanuatu, followers of John Frum's cargo cult on the island of Tanna declare secession as the nation of Tafea.
February 16 – A total solar eclipse is seen in North Africa and West Asia. It was the 50th solar eclipse of Solar Saros 130.
February 23 – Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini states that Iran's parliament will decide the fate of the American embassy hostages.
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January 1979 January 1 United Nations Secretary-General Kurt Waldheim heralds the start of the International Year of the Child. Many musicians donate to the Music for UNICEF Concert fund, among them ABBA, who write the song Chiquitita to commemorate the event. The United States and the People's Republic of China establish full diplomatic relations. Following a deal agreed during 1978, French carmaker Peugeot completes a takeover of American manufacturer Chrysler's European operations, which are based in Britain's former Rootes Group factories, as well as the former Simca factories in France.
The year 1983 saw both the official beginning of the Internet and the first mobile cellular telephone call. January 1 – The migration of the ARPANET to TCP/IP is officially completed (this is considered to be the beginning of the true Internet). January 24 – Twenty-five members of the Red Brigades are sentenced to life imprisonment for the 1978 murder of Italian politician Aldo Moro. January 25 High-ranking Nazi war criminal Klaus Barbie is arrested in Bolivia.
January 1924 January 12 – Gopinath Saha shoots Ernest Day, whom he has mistaken for Sir Charles Tegart, the police commissioner of Calcutta, and is arrested soon after. January 20–30 – Kuomintang in China holds its first National Congress, initiating a policy of alliance with the Soviet Union and the Chinese Communist Party. January 21 – The Earl of Athlone is appointed Governor-General of the Union of South Africa, and High Commissioner for Southern Africa. January 22 – Ramsay MacDonald becomes the first Labour Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.