Milan

Summary

Milan (mᵻˈlæn , USalsomᵻˈlɑːn , Lombard: miˈlɑ̃ː; Milano miˈlaːno) is a city in northern Italy, capital of Lombardy, and the second-most populous city proper in Italy after Rome. The city proper has a population of about 1.4 million, while its metropolitan city has 3.26 million inhabitants. Its continuously built-up urban area (whose outer suburbs extend well beyond the boundaries of the administrative metropolitan city and even stretch into the nearby country of Switzerland) is the fourth largest in the EU with 5.27 million inhabitants. According to national sources, the population within the wider Milan metropolitan area (also known as Greater Milan), is estimated between 8.2 million and 12.5 million making it by far the largest metropolitan area in Italy and one of the largest in the EU. Milan is considered a leading alpha global city, with strengths in the fields of art, chemicals, commerce, design, education, entertainment, fashi

Official source

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milan

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Habiter la périphérie (Milan, I)

Groupement d'habitations collectives, haute densité, bas gabarit, dans la périphérie de Milan.

2000

Métro de Milan (I)

Francesca Vocialta

En dessous de la ville moderne, des flux d'individus sont quotidiennement accueillis et dirigés vers des destinations différentes. A Milan, cette maille souterraine a commencé à se développer au début des années soixante, mais n'a pas encore réussi à imposer sa propre identité architecturale, malgré de nombreux essais. Contrairement aux projets les plus récents, fondés principalement sur une étude des matériaux, la construction de la ligne 4 constitue l'occasion d'étudier une famille commune d'espace, d'expression d'ambiance et de caractère milanais. Les stations du métro deviennent des lieux où fonctionnalité et forme fusionnent pour dessiner des endroits creusés dans le terrain d'un côté, et des éléments en communication directe avec la ville de l'autre. L'utilisation de matériaux malléables, qui représentent le négatif de la forme architecturale, identifie une approche spécifique. Cette méthode se fonde sur l'utilisation de maquettes comme outil de travail apte à mettre en évidence les formes pures des pièces et les relations entre elles. Ainsi, une stratégie commune de gestion des flux a été conçue avec l'objectif de se renseigner, se conjuguer, se décliner dans le contexte milanais. Les parcours horizontaux et verticaux, en entrée et sortie, construisent des séquences spatiales fondées sur un nombre limité d'ambiances qui se lient avec des situations à chaque fois différentes. Liberté de circulation et volumes purs sont les mots-clés du projet.

2015

Formaldehyde is a primary and secondary air pollutant. As an intermediate product of hydrocarbon photooxidn., it contributes to the formation of photochem. pollution in urban areas. In addn., chronic or acute exposure to HCHO (a possible carcinogen) constitutes an important health hazard. Differential optical absorption spectroscopy (DOAS) is one of the best-suited techniques for monitoring formaldehyde. Within the frame of a European Union project, a field measurement campaign (PIPAPO) was carried out from May to June, 1998, in the Milan, Italy, area. During PIPAPO, a large no. of air pollutants, including formaldehyde, were monitored at several sites from Milan to the Swiss Alps foothills. Located at Seregno (25 km north of downtown Milan), EPFL (the Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne) carried out formaldehyde measurements by DOAS and performed intercomparison DNPH (2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine) samples, which were analyzed at JRC (the Joint Research Center). Despite having different spatial and time resoln., DOAS and DNPH measurements of formaldehyde compare fairly well. The formaldehyde concn. time series retrieved from DOAS were analyzed with respect to the meteorol. conditions, particularly regarding heterogeneous removal processes, and the concn. of other air pollutants assocd. with formaldehyde emission and prodn. Pollutant dynamics calcns., made with a 3-dimensional photochem. grid (Eulerian) model over a wide spatial domain, were compared to the measurements and provided a basis for the interpretation of the formaldehyde measurements performed during one of PIPAPO's intensive observation periods (IOP).

2000