Martin Heidegger (ˈhaɪdɛɡər,_ˈhaɪdɪɡər; ˈmaʁtiːn ˈhaɪdɛɡɐ; 26 September 1889 26 May 1976) was a German philosopher who is best known for contributions to phenomenology, hermeneutics, and existentialism. He is among the most important and influential philosophers of the 20th century. He has been widely criticized for supporting the Nazi Party after his election as rector at the University of Freiburg in 1933, and there has been controversy about the relationship between his philosophy and Nazism.
In Heidegger's first major text, Being and Time (1927), "Dasein" is introduced as a term for the type of being that humans possess. (Literally translated, the common German word Dasein means "being there" or "there-being".) Heidegger believes that Dasein already has a "pre-ontological" and concrete understanding that shapes how it lives. This is a mode of being he terms "being-in-the-world". Dasein and "being-in-the-world" are unitary concepts at odds with rationalist philosophy and its "subject—object" opposition.
Heidegger uses an analysis of Dasein to approach the question of the meaning of being, that is, the question of how or why entities appear to us as the specific entities they are. In other words, Heidegger's governing "question of being" is "concerned with what makes beings intelligible as beings".
Heidegger was born in rural Meßkirch, Baden, the son of Johanna (Kempf) and Friedrich Heidegger. Raised a Roman Catholic, he was the son of the sexton of the village church that adhered to the First Vatican Council of 1870, which was observed mainly by the poorer class of Meßkirch. His family could not afford to send him to university, so he entered a Jesuit seminary, though he was turned away within weeks because of the health requirement and what the director and doctor of the seminary described as a psychosomatic heart condition. Heidegger was short and sinewy, with dark piercing eyes. He enjoyed outdoor pursuits, being especially proficient at skiing.
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Philosophy (love of wisdom in ancient Greek) is a systematic study of general and fundamental questions concerning topics like existence, reason, knowledge, values, mind, and language. It is a rational and critical inquiry that reflects on its own methods and assumptions. Historically, many of the individual sciences, like physics and psychology, formed part of philosophy. But they are considered separate academic disciplines in the modern sense of the term.
Jean-Paul Charles Aymard Sartre (ˈsɑːrtrə, ˈsɑːrt; saʁtʁ; 21 June 1905 – 15 April 1980) was a French philosopher, playwright, novelist, screenwriter, political activist, biographer, and literary critic, considered a leading figure in 20th-century French philosophy and Marxism. Sartre was one of the key figures in the philosophy of existentialism (and phenomenology). His work has influenced sociology, critical theory, post-colonial theory, and literary studies, and continues to do so.
Existentialism is a form of philosophical inquiry that explores the issue of human existence. Existentialist philosophers explore questions related to the meaning, purpose, and value of human existence. Common concepts in existentialist thought include existential crisis, dread, and anxiety in the face of an absurd world, as well as authenticity, courage, and virtue. Existentialism is associated with several 19th- and 20th-century European philosophers who shared an emphasis on the human subject, despite often profound differences in thought.
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According to a well known theorem of Haussler and Welzl (1987), any range space of bounded VC-dimension admits an epsilon-net of size O (1/epsilon log 1/epsilon). Using probabilistic techniques, Pach and Woeginger (1990) showed that there exist range space ...
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