Patau syndrome

Patau syndrome is a syndrome caused by a chromosomal abnormality, in which some or all of the cells of the body contain extra genetic material from chromosome 13. The extra genetic material disrupts normal development, causing multiple and complex organ defects. This can occur either because each cell contains a full extra copy of chromosome 13 (a disorder known as trisomy 13 or trisomy D or T13), or because each cell contains an extra partial copy of the chromosome, or because there are two different lines of cells—one healthy with the correct number of chromosomes 13 and one that contains an extra copy of the chromosome—mosaic Patau syndrome. Full trisomy 13 is caused by nondisjunction of chromosomes during meiosis (the mosaic form is caused by nondisjunction during mitosis). Like all nondisjunction conditions (such as Down syndrome and Edwards syndrome), the risk of this syndrome in the offspring increases with maternal age at pregnancy, with about 31 years being the average. Patau syndrome affects somewhere between 1 in 10,000 and 1 in 21,700 live births. Of those fetuses that do survive to gestation and birth, common abnormalities may include: Nervous system Intellectual disability and motor disorder Microcephaly Holoprosencephaly (failure of the forebrain to divide properly) and associated facial deformities such as cyclopia Structural eye defects, including microphthalmia, Peters' anomaly, cataract, iris or fundus (coloboma), retinal dysplasia or retinal detachment, sensory nystagmus, cortical visual loss, and optic nerve hypoplasia Meningomyelocele (a spinal defect) Musculoskeletal and cutaneous Polydactyly (extra digits) Proboscis Congenital trigger digits Low-set ears Prominent heel Deformed feet known as rocker-bottom feet Omphalocele (abdominal defect) Abnormal palm pattern Overlapping of fingers over thumb Cutis aplasia (missing portion of the skin/hair) Cleft palate Urogenital Abnormal genitalia Kidney defects Other Heart defects (ventricular septal defect) (Patent Ductus Arteriosus) Dextrocardia Single umbilical artery Patau syndrome is the result of trisomy 13, meaning each cell in the body has three copies of chromosome 13 instead of the usual two.

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