Doctor of Medicine

Doctor of Medicine (abbreviated M.D., from the Latin Medicinae Doctor) is a medical degree, the meaning of which varies between different jurisdictions. In the United States, and some other countries, the M.D. denotes a professional degree. This generally arose because many in 18th-century medical professions trained in Scotland, which used the M.D. degree nomenclature. In England, however, Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery was used and eventually in the 19th century became the standard in Scotland too. Thus, in the United Kingdom, Ireland and other countries, the M.D. is a research doctorate, honorary doctorate or applied clinical degree restricted to those who already hold a professional degree (Bachelor's/Master's/Doctoral) in medicine. In those countries, the equivalent professional degree to the North American, and some others' usage of M.D. is still typically titled Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery (M.B.B.S.). History The first medical degrees were aw

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Log Barriers for Safe Non-convex Black-box Optimization

Andreas Krause, Ilnura Usmanova

We address the problem of minimizing a smooth function f0(x) over a compact set D defined by smooth functional constraints fi(x)≤0, i=1,…,m given noisy value measurements of fi(x). This problem arises in safety-critical applications, where certain parameters need to be adapted online in a data-driven fashion, such as in personalized medicine, robotics, manufacturing, etc. In such cases, it is important to ensure constraints are not violated while taking measurements and seeking the minimum of the cost function. We propose a new algorithm s0-LBM, which provides provably feasible iterates with high probability and applies to the challenging case of uncertain zero-th order oracle. We also analyze the convergence rate of the algorithm, and empirically demonstrate its effectiveness.

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Etat du Valais : Système d’Information sanitaire unique et intégré

Philippe Wieser

Chaque canton suisse (26 cantons) définit sa politique et sa planification sanitaire. La complexité actuelle des systèmes de santé ainsi que la multitude de systèmes d'information contribuent à l'augmentation continue des coûts de la santé et peuvent conduire à une dégradation de la qualité des soins apportés aux patients. Le but de l'étude, menée par l'Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, sur mandat du Gouvernement valaisan, vise à définir un concept d'information commun à tous les partenaires de la santé publique du canton. Each Swiss state (26 states) defines its own public health policy and its medical planification. The current complexity of the systems of health as well as the multitude of information systems contribute to the continuous increase in the costs of public health. It can lead to a deterioration of the quality of the care given to the patients. The goal of the study, carried out by the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (Lausanne), on mandate of the «Valais» Government, aims at defining a commun information system for all the partners of the public health of the Valais state.

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