Explores the representation and transformation of values, focusing on closure conversion and the challenges of representing functions in functional languages.

Complexity of Algorithms: Proofs of Time Complexity

Covers the analysis of worst time complexity for algorithms and time complexity with real numbers and integers.

Linear Algebra: Integers

Explores linear algebra over integers, emphasizing solutions to A.x=b equations and Hermite normal form.

Dimension theory of rings

Covers the dimension theory of rings, including additivity of dimension and height, Krull's Hauptidealsatz, and the height of general complete intersections.

Bitwise Operators: Integers Types

Covers bitwise operators for integers and representing colors using 32-bit integers.

Modular Arithmetic: Introducing Z/mZ

Introduces Z/mZ for writing equations with congruence classes in modular arithmetic.