Georeferencing

Georeferencing or georegistration is a type of coordinate transformation that binds a digital raster image or vector database that represents a geographic space (usually a scanned map or aerial photograph) to a spatial reference system, thus locating the digital data in the real world. It is thus the geographic form of . The term can refer to the mathematical formulas used to perform the transformation, the metadata stored or within the image file to specify the transformation, or the process of manually or automatically aligning the image to the real world to create such metadata. The most common result is that the image can be visually and analytically integrated with other geographic data in geographic information systems and remote sensing software. A number of mathematical methods are available, but the process typically involves identifying several sample ground control points with known locations on the image and the ground, then using curve fitting techniques to generate a pa

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On the benefit of concurrent adjustment of active and passive optical sensors with GNSS & raw inertial data

Davide Antonio Cucci, Kyriaki Mouzakidou, Jan Skaloud

In airborne laser scanning a high-frequency trajectory solution is typically determined from inertial sensors and employed to directly geo-reference the acquired laser points. When low-cost MEMS inertial sensors are used, such as in lightweight unmanned aerial vehicles, non-negligible errors in the estimated trajectory project to the final point-cloud, resulting in unsatisfactory accuracy on the ground. There are different multi-sensor fusion approaches to correct the point-cloud errors caused by an imperfect trajectory determination. Mismatches between different optical observations and/or in the overlapping regions of the point-cloud can allow the correction of the final point-cloud, either directly, by means of rigid transformations, or indirectly, via improving the scanner trajectory estimation. In this work we propose to fuse lidar and cameras in a single adjustment based on dynamic networks, considering 2D tie-points from the imagery and 3D tie-points from overlapping point-cloud sections. On a challenging corridor mapping scenario, we show that considering either 2D or 3D tie-points, along with inertial and GNSS observations, results in a remarkably accurate point-cloud, even when low-cost inertial sensors are employed and in presence of challenging surface textures, such as high vegetation. Furthermore, since the distribution of the 2D and 3D tie-points is complementary, considering them together further increases the robustness of the adjustment due to higher redundancy. By employing the proposed approach within this controlled example, we were able to improve the final point-cloud accuracy by more than three times with respect to conventional geo-referencing methodology and to reduce the magnitude of the errors.

2022

An Eye for Landscapes - Rapid Aerial Mapping with Handheld Sensors

Otto Kölbl, Jan Skaloud, Julien Vallet, Grégory Veyssiere

This portable system offers fast deployment with no recalibration and maps both vertical and horizontal features while maintaning optimal flight parameters. The geo-referenced image and 3D point-cloud data can be processed into digital terrain models, digital surface models, and automatically derived 3D city models.

2006

An eye for landscape - rapid aerial mapping with handheld sensors

Otto Kölbl, Jan Skaloud, Julien Vallet, Grégory Veyssiere

This portable system offers fast deployment with no recalibration and maps both vertical and horizontal features while maintaining optimal flight parameters. The geo-referenced image and 3D point-cloud data can be processed into digital terrain models, digital surface models, and automatically derived 3D city models.

2006

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This course gives an introduction to the fundamental concepts and methods of the Digital Humanities, both from a theoretical and applied point of view. The course introduces the Digital Humanities circle of processing and interpretation, from data acquisition to new understandings.

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A geographic information system (GIS) consists of integrated computer hardware and software that store, manage, analyze, edit, output, and visualize geographic data. Much of this often happens with

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Remote sensing is the acquisition of information about an object or phenomenon without making physical contact with the object, in contrast to in situ or on-site observation. The term is applied esp

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