Monument

Summary

A monument is a type of structure that was explicitly created to commemorate a person or event, or which has become relevant to a social group as a part of their remembrance of historic times or cultural heritage, due to its artistic, historical, political, technical or architectural importance. Some of the first monuments were dolmens or menhirs, megalithic constructions built for religious or funerary purposes. Examples of monuments include statues, (war) memorials, historical buildings, archaeological sites, and cultural assets. If there is a public interest in its preservation, a monument can for example be listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Etymology It is believed that the origin of the word "monument" comes from the Greek mnemosynon and the Latin moneo, monere, which means 'to remind', 'to advise' or 'to warn', however, it is also believed that the word monument originates from an Albanian word 'mani men' which in Albanian language means 'remember', sugg

Official source

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monument

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Establishing stress-strain relationship for natural-stone masonry

Alix Grandjean

The conservation of historical monuments and especially natural stone masonry arch bridges is an issue which is becoming increasingly important. The prerequisite for any analysis of the load carrying capacity of such stonework is a precise knowledge of its material behaviour. This includes the stress-strain relationship for the natural stone masonry considered as a continuum, with all its important characteristics, such as nonlinearities in the pre-peak and softening behaviour in the post-peak domain. Natural stone masonry is a heterogeneous and anisotropic material which takes many different forms, ranging from rubble to ashlar masonry. Its mechanical behaviour is clearly influenced by its various characteristics. This paper investigates the influence of various parameters such as masonry type, bond, stone type and thickness of joints influence the stress-strain curve of natural stone masonry. It is also shown how stress-strain relationships originally established for brickwork masonry can be adapted to describe the behaviour of other types of stone masonry. Finally, application of stress-strain relationship to predict the load carrying behaviour of natural stone structural elements such as arches will be outlined.

Uni Stuttgart2008

Building materials as intrinsic sources of sulphate: A hidden face of salt weathering of historical monuments investigated through multi-isotope tracing (B, O, S)

Christophe Gosselin

Sulphate neoformation is a major factor of degradation of stone monuments. Boron, sulphur and oxygen isotope signatures were investigated for five French historical monuments (Bourges, Chartres and Marseille cathedrals, Chenonceau castle, and Versailles garden statues) to investigate the role of intrinsic sulphate sources (gypsum plasters and mortars) in stone degradation, compared to the influence of extrinsic sources such as atmospheric pollution. Gypsum plasters and gypsum-containing mortars fall systematically in the δ34S and δ18O range of Paris Basin Eocene evaporites indicating the origin of the raw materials (so-called "Paris plaster"). Black crusts show the typical S and O isotope signatures observed elsewhere in Europe that can be attributed to atmospheric pollution, together with a marine component for Marseille. Boron isotopes for black crusts indicate coal combustion as principal boron source. Mortar isotope compositions discriminate three types, one similar to gypsum plasters, one strongly depleted in 34S, attributed to pyrite oxidation, and a third one close to atmospheric sulphates. The isotopic composition of sulphates and boron of most degraded building stones of the different monuments is well explained by the identified sulphate sources. In several cases (in particular for Chenonceau and Bourges, to some extent for Chartres), the impact of gypsum plaster as building and restoration material on the degradation of the stones in its vicinity was clearly demonstrated. The study illustrates the usefulness of multi-isotope studies to investigate stone degradation factors, as the combination of several isotope systematics increases the discriminatory power of isotope studies with respect to contaminant sources. © 2011 Elsevier B.V.

2011

Monuments modernes. Matière, texture, image

Giulia Marino

2016