Early Middle Ages

The Early Middle Ages (or early medieval period), sometimes controversially referred to as the Dark Ages, is typically regarded by historians as lasting from the late 5th or early 6th century through the 10th century. They marked the start of the Middle Ages of European history, following the decline of the Western Roman Empire, and preceding the High Middle Ages ( 11th to 14th centuries). The alternative term late antiquity, for the early part of the period, emphasizes elements of continuity with the Roman Empire, while Early Middle Ages is used to emphasize developments characteristic of the earlier medieval period. However, the period in between the 8th and 11th centuries (c. 800–1000) is assigned to the Early Middle Ages quite generally, even by those who extend (late) antiquity to a time well after the 5th century. The period saw a continuation of trends evident since late classical antiquity, including population decline, especially in urban centres, a decline of trade, a small

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Pozzolanic activity of mechanochemically and thermally activated kaolins in cement

Karen Scrivener, Ruben Anton Snellings

This paper reports on the mechanochemical activation by intensive grinding as an alternative way to produce pozzolanically reactive metakaolin. The physicochemical properties, pozzolanic reactivity and impact on cement hydration of mechanochemically and thermally activated kaolinitic clays were compared. Mechanochemical activation of kaolin led to an amorphous hydrous material with increased specific surface area and high water content. Unlike in thermally activated kaolins, the Al coordination environment was partially retained during mechanochemical treatment. At low clinker replacement levels of 10%, the use of mechanochemically activated kaolins accelerated the hydration of the blended cement. The pozzolanic reaction reduced portlandite contents strongly and from early on. The combined effect of enhanced cement hydration and pozzolanic reaction at early ages was reflected in a higher early age strength development (up to 7 days). The differences between mechanochemically and thermally activated kaolins largely disappeared at later ages. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd2015

The Effect of Alkali on the Properties of Limestone Calcined Clay Cement (LC3)

Wilasinee Hanpongpun, Karen Scrivener

The impact of alkali content on the properties of Limestone Calcined Clay Cement (LC3) was investigated in this study. KOH was added in order to increase the alkali content of the blended cements from 0.44% Na2Oeq to 1.21% Na2Oeq. The increase of alkali accelerates the degree of clinker hydration at 1 day but it slows down for later ages. Moreover, increasing alkalinity enhances the formation of carboaluminate phases at the early ages but the highest alkali content shows the smallest amount these phases at the later ages. The porosity decreases with increasing the percentage of alkali at 3 days but it is opposite at 28 days. The compressive strength can be boosted at early ages but there is loss gain strength at the later age for LC3-65 (2:1)-1.21% Na2Oeq.

Springer2018

Strength-promoting mechanism of alkanolamines on limestone-calcined clay cement and the role of sulfate

François Henri Avet, Wilasinee Hanpongpun, Hong Huang, Xuerun Li, Karen Scrivener

This paper reports the strength-promoting mechanism of alkanolamines on limestone-calcined clay cement (LC3). The hydration kinetics, phase formation and microstructure of LC3 with triethanolamine (TEA) or triisopropanolamine (TIPA) were investigated. TEA enhanced the strength of LC3, while TIPA was effective at 28 days, and a correct sulfate addition promoted their effects. Alkanolamines accelerated the aluminate reaction of LC3 during early hydration, increased sulfate slowed this reaction by producing more ettringite. TIPA favoured the hydration of ferrite in clinker, not only accelerated the silicate reaction of metakaolin, but also resulted in a rapid limestone reaction. Alkanolamines altered the morphology and chemical composition of the aluminate hydrates and C-A-S-H. Alkanolamines enabled the reduction of porosity of hardened pastes and the increased sulfate further refined them. It was the large pores being induced by TIPA at early ages that were considered to have an adverse impact on the early strength of LC3.

PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD2021

AR-427: History of housing

Le cours se focalise sur les moments les plus significatifs de l'histoire de l'habitation urbaine en Europe. L'accent est mis sur les types courants, ou les plus facilement répétés, de différentes classes sociales et qui ont particulièrement contribué à la définition du caractère urbain.

DH-405: Foundations of digital humanities

This course gives an introduction to the fundamental concepts and methods of the Digital Humanities, both from a theoretical and applied point of view. The course introduces the Digital Humanities circle of processing and interpretation, from data acquisition to new understandings.

AR-367: Environmental histories

Le cours vise à familiariser les étudiants avec l'histoire de l'environnement et des paysages, et avec la façon dont les différentes préoccupations environnementales, qui vont affecter de plus en plus fortement la conception des villes et de l'architecture.

Middle Ages

In the history of Europe, the Middle Ages or medieval period (also spelled mediæval or mediaeval) lasted approximately from the late 5th to the late 15th centuries, aligning with the post-classical p

Europe

Europe is a continent comprising the westernmost peninsulas of Eurasia, located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere. It shares the continental landmass of Afro-Eur

Roman Empire

The Roman Empire was the post-Republican state of ancient Rome. It included territory around the Mediterranean in Europe, North Africa, and Western Asia, and was ruled by emperors. The adoption of Ch