Lecture
This lecture explores the transition from the Middle Ages to modern times, marked by significant events such as the English and French Revolution, the discovery of America, and the Protestant Reformation. It delves into the impact of Christianity, the decline of cities, and the rise of industrialization. The period is characterized by a shift from the Western Roman Empire to the taking of Constantinople, symbolizing a transition to modernity. The lecture discusses the concept of rebirth as a gentle industrial revolution and the role of Christianity in shaping European history. It also touches upon the philosophical and environmental aspects of the Middle Ages, focusing on the allegory of good and bad government in Siena in 1338.