Human body

Summary

The human body is the structure of a human being. It is composed of many different types of cells that together create tissues and subsequently organ systems. They ensure homeostasis and the viability of the human body. It comprises a head, hair, neck, torso (which includes the thorax and abdomen), arms and hands, legs and feet. The study of the human body involves anatomy, physiology, histology and embryology. The body varies anatomically in known ways. Physiology focuses on the systems and organs of the human body and their functions. Many systems and mechanisms interact in order to maintain homeostasis, with safe levels of substances such as sugar and oxygen in the blood. The body is studied by health professionals, physiologists, anatomists, and artists to assist them in their work. Composition Composition of the human body The human body is composed of elements including hydrogen, oxygen, carbon, calcium and phosphorus. These elements reside in trillions of cells

Official source

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_body

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Anatomic modeling of human bodies using physically-based muscle simulation

EPFL1998

Virtual reality (VR) is immersive not only because of visual integration, but because we can act and perform in a virtual environment (VE). Beyond the mere fact that a VR system provides images computed directly from the users' viewpoint in stereoscopy, it can also provide a natural way to interact within the VE using the entire body. Full-body motion capture allows the user's movement to be mapped to a virtual body. Such a mapping may let users feel in control of (sense of agency), own (sense of body ownership) and locate themselves inside this virtual body (sense of self-location), thus leading them to feel embodied in this virtual body whenever these conditions are met (sense of embodiment (SoE)). Hence the integration of a full body avatar in VR is essential, as it brings even more; experiencing being someone else, train to recover mobility or having superhuman abilities. Most importantly, the avatar mediates the virtual nature of the VE to make it seamless for the user. Thus, this thesis focuses on helping the users execute complex movements in VR by applying a distortion to their movements. However, such a distortion is efficient only if users, when assisted, do not experience a break in embodiment (BiE), i.e., do not abruptly lose their sense of embodiment. Moreover, the way the virtual body is perceived is not consistent between users and some users might accept or reject a virtual body more easily than others. Therefore, this thesis explores how to prevent a BiE while distorting users' movement and adapting the VR experience to each individual. To this end, we designed a system combining brain-computer interface and machine learning to detect when users experience a BiE, compute users' preferences, and adapt the VR application's parameters. We first identified the user`s threshold for perceiving a movement distortion in some critical contexts, such as articular limits. We designed a new distortion to help users execute a complex movement. We introduced a method based on machine learning to find users' preferences when using our new distortion. We also established a link between the brain's error monitoring mechanism and the cognitive process of embodiment. This link exposed a new implicit EEG marker indicating when users experience a BiE. Finally, we designed a system to calibrate the distortion implicitly based on users' preferences with all these elements. This system first consists of detecting a BiE during a continuous movement thanks to state-of-the-art brain-computer interface algorithms. Our machine learning method then computes users' preferences, and the distortion is adapted dynamically. This original approach demonstrates the use of an implicit feedback loop to help users while preventing any BiE. Our framework opens an exciting perspective for personalized and self-adapting embodiment systems.

EPFL2021

Mechanoresponsive Micro- and Nanoparticles

Harm-Anton Klok, Friederike Katharina Metze

Mechanical stimuli are ubiquitous in the human body. In contrast to biochemical stimuli such as pH, redox, hypoxia or enzymes as well as exogenous stimuli such as magnetic fields, temperature or ultrasound, endogenous biomechanical stimuli have only received relatively limited attention as a means to trigger stimuli-sensitive materials. The aim of this short article is to highlight the potential of endogenous biomechanical stimuli to control the behaviour of biomaterials relevant to, for example, drug delivery or tissue repair and regeneration. This article will first provide an overview of the different biomechanical stimuli present at the cellular and tissue level in the human body. After that, examples from recent work will be presented that illustrate the use of biomechanical stimuli. This article ends with an outlook for future research.

2019

EPFL2021