Jacques Étienne Bérard

Jacques Etienne Bérard (12 October 1789 – 10 June 1869) was a French naturalist, chemist and physicist. He was born in Montpellier to Thérèse Salettes and Étienne Bérard, the latter a scientist and chemical manufacturer (particularly of sulphuric acid). Bérard senior worked with Jean-Antoine Chaptal, Count of Chanteloup, who was a chemist, industrialist, politician and an acquaintance of another French chemist, Claude Louis Berthollet. Through this connection, his son was recommended as Berthollet's laboratory assistant. He married Madeleine Anaïs Combres in 1829. They had three children, Stéphanie Françoise Amica, Henri Étienne and Raoul. As an assistant from 1807, Bérard became a member of the Société d'Arcueil, a group of like-minds who met regularly at the homes of Berthollet at Arcueil, near Paris; he was able to frequent with many experienced and well-known scientists. His first published scientific work was in analysing salts and solubilities. He completed bachelor of arts and bachelor of science degrees at the University of Paris in 1811. The same year, his experiments with François-Étienne de La Roche won the prize of the First Class of the University, for determining the specific heat of gases using a copper calorimeter. He worked with Étienne-Louis Malus on polarization (of infrared and ultraviolet), which Malus later became famous for. He provided the density of nitric oxide which Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac used as a datum for his law of combining volumes He departed for l'École Supérieure de Pharmacie de Montpellier in 1813. He was elected to l'Académie des Sciences of France in the chemistry section on 20 December 1819. The Académie des Sciences awarded him a prize for his pioneering study of the ripening of fruit in 1821, after he tested different atmospheres on harvested fruits. Understanding that fruits ripen in an atmosphere with oxygen, and release carbon dioxide, he suggested sealing fruits in jars with an oxygen absorber. He became professor of mineral chemistry at l'École Supérieure de Pharmacie in Montpellier in 1827.