Zoning

Summary

Zoning is a method of urban planning in which a municipality or other tier of government divides land into areas called zones, each of which has a set of regulations for new development that differs from other zones. Zones may be defined for a single use (e.g. residential, industrial), they may combine several compatible activities by use, or in the case of form-based zoning, the differing regulations may govern the density, size and shape of allowed buildings whatever their use. The planning rules for each zone determine whether planning permission for a given development may be granted. Zoning may specify a variety of outright and conditional uses of land. It may indicate the size and dimensions of lots that land may be subdivided into, or the form and scale of buildings. These guidelines are set in order to guide urban growth and development. Zoning is the most common regulatory urban planning method used by local governments in developed countries. Exceptions include the United Ki

Official source

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoning

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Weekly to monthly time scale of melt inclusion entrapment prior to eruption recorded by phosphorus distribution in olivine from mid-ocean ridges

Lukas Baumgartner, Stéphane Laurent Escrig, Mélina Manzini, Anders Meibom

Melt inclusions (MIs) hosted in euhedral olivine have been proposed to represent droplets of primary melt, protected from processes occurring near Earth's surface during eruption. The complex zoning of phosphorus (P) in some olivines and the presence of a P-depleted zone around MIs indicate a complex history for the host-MI system. We analyzed P in olivine and MIs from two mid-oceanic ridge basalt (MORB) samples from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (MAR) by electron probe microanalyzer, secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS), and NanoSIMS. Phosphorus dendrites in olivine suggest an initial fast olivine growth followed by a stage of slower growth. Dissolution textures around some MIs were identified and were probably caused by adiabatic decompression melting. Based on diffusion modeling of P in olivine, we infer that olivine beneath the MAR remains in the system (1) for days to weeks after crystallization of P-rich lamellae, and (2) for a few hours after recrystallization of dissolved olivine. Dissolution and reprecipitation of olivine containing boundary layers suggests that most MIs might be affected by late post-entrapment processes.

Geological Soc Amer, Inc2017

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Four underground resources have been seen as having a long-term potential to support sustainable urban development: underground space, groundwater, geomaterials and geothermal energy. Utilization of these resources proposes a new paradigm of economic development: underground urbanism. The new management approach named “Deep City Method” is put forward to aid decision-makers to integrate global potential of the urban underground into city-scale strategic planning. The research output will be presented in form of two papers each with a different focus. Part 1 aims to introduce the concept, process and initial application in Switzerland; Part 2 is devoted to show methodological insight for a new zoning policy in China and investment scenarios for project cost viability. This Part 1 paper will begin by presenting the fundamental concept of the Deep City Method, followed by a proposition for a trans-institutional planning process. The application is firstly based on a rating system to identify cities having a potential for underground development. The city of Geneva is selected for conceptual application and strategic level study. Further operational steps are required in order to generalize the concept to other cities around the world.

Elsevier2013

« Nimby », des bouts de jardins aux bords du politique ? Petite réflexion sur une journée de débat

Pascal Viot

L’article présenté ici relate l’expérience d’une communication à un colloque organisé sur le thème des mobilisations de riverains en opposition aux projets d’aménagement, communément désignés sous l’appellation de « Nimby ». Quand bien même nous en rappellerons la substance, ce n’est pas tant le propos que nous avons alors tenu qui constitue l’objet de ce texte. Il s’agira plutôt de rendre compte des réactions du public à notre intervention et des échanges qui ont animé cette journée afin d’examiner une problématisation localisée du phénomène « Nimby » et des enjeux sociologiques qui lui sont associés. Nous proposerons, à partir de ce cas, une réflexion plus générale sur les mobilisations de riverains en mettant en avant les modes paradoxaux de politisation associés à cette forme controversée de participation à la chose publique. In fine, nous chercherons, en prenant appui sur le récit de notre participation à ce colloque mêlant acteurs de terrain et apprentis-chercheurs, à faire partager au lecteur les enseignements que nous en avons tirés sur cette expérience d’apprentissage de notre métier de sociologue. This article describes our experience of presenting a scientifique paper at a symposium. The symposium was organised by the the Mouvement National de Lutte pour l’Environnement Drôme-Ardèche (National Movement for the Environnement in Drôme-Ardèche) and dealt with opposition to zoning projects going by the name of “Nimby”. Our article attemps to allow our readers to share the lessons we have drawn from this experience. Thus, while we will briefly review the the gist of our presentation at this symposium, it is not what we said that consitutes the main topic of this article but an account of audience reactions. We place these reactions in the context of the kind and nature of exchanges that took place during this symposium, as they provide insights into the localized problematics a “Nimby” : what is it made of and what does it do. In sum, we hope our reader can share what was so inspiring to us during these exchanges and profit from our reflections on what we learned about being sociologists in the midst of paradoxical modes of associational politics and informal forms of activism.

2006

« Nimby », des bouts de jardins aux bords du politique ? Petite réflexion sur une journée de débat

Pascal Viot

2006