Connecting rod

A connecting rod, also called a 'con rod', is the part of a piston engine which connects the piston to the crankshaft. Together with the crank, the connecting rod converts the reciprocating motion of the piston into the rotation of the crankshaft. The connecting rod is required to transmit the compressive and tensile forces from the piston. In its most common form, in an internal combustion engine, it allows pivoting on the piston end and rotation on the shaft end. The predecessor to the connecting rod is a mechanic linkage used by water mills to convert rotating motion of the water wheel into reciprocating motion. The most common usage of connecting rods is in internal combustion engines or on steam engines. TOC Origins A connecting rod crank has been found in the Celtic Oppida at Paule in Brittany, dated to 69BC The predecessor to the connecting length is the mechanical linkage used by Roman-era watermills. An early example of this linkage has been found at t

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A Variational Approach to a Problem of Rotating Rods

Jean Descloux

1991

Parasitic Oscillations in Smooth-Wall Circular Symmetric Gyrotron Beam Ducts

Stefano Alberti, Konstantinos Avramidis, Jérémy Genoud, Jean-Philippe Hogge, Minh Quang Tran, Trach-Minh Tran

In order to study parasitic oscillation that may occur in a realistic beam duct upstream to the gyrotron cavity, the self-consistent linear and spectral code TWANGlinspec has been modified. The large inhomogeneities in the smooth-wall beam duct geometry or in the magnetic field profile required the implementation of a numerical approach using a hybrid finite element method. The new model permits to characterize a large number of potentially spurious TE modes. Compared to previous studies on gyrotron beam duct instabilities, an extended interaction space including also the gyrotron cavity has been considered. The role of the connecting part between the beam duct and the cavity, called spacer, is highlighted and it is shown that the gyro backward-wave TE modes excited in this region generally have their minimum starting current. The sensitivity of the minimum starting current on electron beam velocity spread is also evaluated.

2018

Vibrational amplitudes in vitreous silica

Alfredo Pasquarello

A model structure of vitreous silica, for which the vibrational frequencies and eigenmodes were calculated from first principles, is used to investigate vibrational amplitudes. Calculated mean-square displacements for oxygen and silicon atoms are obtained as a function of temperature. The square displacement tensors of oxygen atoms show a marked anisotropic character, which is related to the local geometry. The displacements of oxygen atoms along the three principal directions can be associated to distinct parts of the vibrational spectrum, as evidenced by their thermal dependence. These anisotropic effects directly affect the elastic and the static structure factors, which are sensitive to the correlation between displacements of different atoms along their connecting direction. This description shows that the observed widths for Si-O and O-O correlations mainly derive from atomic vibrations rather than from structural disorder. Anisotropic correlations between different atoms are shown to be important up to a distance of 4 Angstrom, i.e., involving atoms that belong to corner-sharing tetrahedra. The scattering functions, calculated at finite temperature and in the harmonic approximation, show good agreement with experiment. In particular, the comparison between the static and the elastic structure factors yields a characterization of the correlated displacements in accord with experimental observations. The static structure factor is significantly affected by anisotropic correlations, but shows only a weak dependence on temperature between 0 and 300 K.

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Internal combustion engine

An internal combustion engine (ICE or IC engine) is a heat engine in which the combustion of a fuel occurs with an oxidizer (usually air) in a combustion chamber that is an integral part of the work

Piston

A piston is a component of reciprocating engines, reciprocating pumps, gas compressors, hydraulic cylinders and pneumatic cylinders, among other similar mechanisms. It is the moving component that i

Reciprocating engine

A reciprocating engine, also often known as a piston engine, is typically a heat engine that uses one or more reciprocating pistons to convert high temperature and high pressure into a rotating moti