Peripatric speciation

Peripatric speciation is a mode of speciation in which a new species is formed from an isolated peripheral population. Since peripatric speciation resembles allopatric speciation, in that populations are isolated and prevented from exchanging genes, it can often be difficult to distinguish between them. Nevertheless, the primary characteristic of peripatric speciation proposes that one of the populations is much smaller than the other. The terms peripatric and peripatry are often used in biogeography, referring to organisms whose ranges are closely adjacent but do not overlap, being separated where these organisms do not occur—for example on an oceanic island compared to the mainland. Such organisms are usually closely related (e.g. sister species); their distribution being the result of peripatric speciation. The concept of peripatric speciation was first outlined by the evolutionary biologist Ernst Mayr in 1954. Since then, other alternative models have been developed such as centrifugal speciation, that posits that a species' population experiences periods of geographic range expansion followed by shrinking periods, leaving behind small isolated populations on the periphery of the main population. Other models have involved the effects of sexual selection on limited population sizes. Other related models of peripherally isolated populations based on chromosomal rearrangements have been developed such as budding speciation and quantum speciation. The existence of peripatric speciation is supported by observational evidence and laboratory experiments. Scientists observing the patterns of a species biogeographic distribution and its phylogenetic relationships are able to reconstruct the historical process by which they diverged. Further, oceanic islands are often the subject of peripatric speciation research due to their isolated habitats—with the Hawaiian Islands widely represented in much of the scientific literature. History of speciation Peripatric speciation was originally proposed by Ernst Mayr in 1954, and fully theoretically modeled in 1982.

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Peripatric speciation

Reinforcement (speciation)

Reinforcement is a process of speciation where natural selection increases the reproductive isolation (further divided to pre-zygotic isolation and post-zygotic isolation) between two populations of species. This occurs as a result of selection acting against the production of hybrid individuals of low fitness. The idea was originally developed by Alfred Russel Wallace and is sometimes referred to as the Wallace effect. The modern concept of reinforcement originates from Theodosius Dobzhansky.

Parapatric speciation

In parapatric speciation, two subpopulations of a species evolve reproductive isolation from one another while continuing to exchange genes. This mode of speciation has three distinguishing characteristics: 1) mating occurs non-randomly, 2) gene flow occurs unequally, and 3) populations exist in either continuous or discontinuous geographic ranges. This distribution pattern may be the result of unequal dispersal, incomplete geographical barriers, or divergent expressions of behavior, among other things.

Vertical changes of the Co and Mn speciation along a lateritic regolith developed on peridotites (New Caledonia)

Gabrielle Dublet, Vincent Noel

Because they can host significant amounts of Co, the Mn-oxides are commonly considered as the major Co-bearing mineral species in lateritic environments. However, little is known about the process leading to the formation and/or the weathering of these Co-rich Mn-oxides. This lack of knowledge is mainly due to the fact that Co concentrations are too low in primary silicates for classical speciation analysis. In this study, we investigated both Co and Mn speciation in a 64 m thick lateritic regolith developed upon peridotites in New Caledonia, by combining High Energy Resolution Fluorescence Detection X-ray absorption Near Edge Structure (HERFD-XANES) spectroscopy at the Co K-edge with classical XANES spectroscopy at the Mn K-edge, bulk chemistry (ICP) and mineralogy (XRD). The results obtained provide new insights into the evolution of Co and Mn speciation as a function of the weathering stages. Co and Mn primarily occur as Co(II) and Mn(II, III) in olivine and serpentine in the bedrock. During the first weathering stage, these forms of Co and Mn are progressively oxidized toward Co(III) and Mn(III, IV), which occur mainly as Co(III)-bearing Mn(III/IV)-oxides in the transition between the saprolite and the laterite. In the uppermost lateritic horizons, long-time weathering resulted in a strong leaching of Co and Mn, and the remaining of these elements occurs as Co(II) and Mn(III) substituting for Fe(III) in goethite. This latter scavenging process emphasizes the importance of Fe-oxides for the long-term stabilization of Co and Mn in such deeply weathered laterites. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd2017

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