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The term chloride refers either to a chloride ion (), which is a negatively charged chlorine atom, or a non-charged chlorine atom covalently bonded to the rest of the molecule by a single bond (). Many inorganic chlorides are salts. Many organic compounds are chlorides. The pronunciation of the word "chloride" is ˈklɔəraɪd. The chloride ion is an anion (negatively charged ion) with the charge Cl-. Chloride salts such as sodium chloride are often soluble in water. It is an essential electrolyte located in all body fluids responsible for maintaining acid/base balance, transmitting nerve impulses and regulating liquid flow in and out of cells. Other examples of ionic chlorides are calcium chloride and ammonium chloride . The chloride is also a neutral chlorine atom covalently bonded by a single bond to the rest of the molecule. For example, methyl chloride is an organic compound with a covalent C−Cl bond in which the chlorine is not an anion. Other examples of covalent chlorides ar

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Brine Absorption in Concrete at Low Temperature: Experimental Investigation and Modeling

David Conciatori

An experimental campaign supports a model named TransChlor for bringing liquid water moved by capillary suction and chloride ions into concrete. The principal objective of the experimental campaign is to represent conventional concretes under real conditions of a local microclimate. Capillarity tests were performed on specimens of three different types of concrete dried at different levels of relative humidity at low temperatures (to -20 degrees C) to represent the effect of a real climate in winter. This article shows that low temperatures decrease water absorption by capillarity. The use of TransChlor to simulate liquid water and chloride ion penetration into concrete is presented with an emphasis on the faster transport mode of chloride ions by convection when water is in contact with concrete. DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000238. (C) 2011 American Society of Civil Engineers.

American Society of Civil Engineers2011

Quantification methods for chloride binding in Portland cement and limestone systems

Fabien Jacques Michel Georget, Hamed Maraghechi, Karen Scrivener, Shiyu Sui, Wei Sun, William Wilson

This paper presents a comparison of methods to quantify the chloride binding capacity for cementitious materials composed of Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) and Limestone (LS, 0 to 55% replacement). Physical and chemical chloride bindings were investigated to better understand the binding capacity of the different systems and to provide basic information for modelling. Cement pastes samples were exposed to a 0.5 M NaCl solution and their chloride contents were quantified as free ions in pore solution, chemically bound ions in AFm phases, and physically bound ions on Calcium-Aluminum-Silicate-Hydrates (C-A-S--H). Notably, the study showed that (1) considering a solid solution between Friedel's salt and Hemicarboaluminate (He) was necessary for the quantification of chemically bound chlorides in limestone blended system and (2) an accurate estimation of the C-A-S-H content was critical for quantifying physically bound chlorides.

PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD2019

Brine absorption in concrete at low temperature: Experimental investigation and modeling

Eugen Brühwiler, David Conciatori

An experimental campaign supports a model named TransChlor for bringing liquid water moved by capillary suction and chloride ions into concrete. The principal objective of the experimental campaign is to represent conventional concretes under real conditions of a local microclimate. Capillarity tests were performed on specimens of three different types of concrete dried at different levels of relative humidity at low temperatures (to -20° C) to represent the effect of a real climate in winter. This article shows that low temperatures decrease water absorption by capillarity. The use of TransChlor to simulate liquid water and chloride ion penetration into concrete is presented with an emphasis on the faster transport mode of chloride ions by convection when water is in contact with concrete.

American Society of Civil Engineers2011