Line source

Summary

A line source, as opposed to a point source, area source, or volume source, is a source of air, noise, water contamination or electromagnetic radiation that emanates from a linear (one-dimensional) geometry. The most prominent linear sources are roadway air pollution, aircraft air emissions, roadway noise, certain types of water pollution sources that emanate over a range of river extent rather than from a discrete point, elongated light tubes, certain dose models in medical physics and electromagnetic antennas. While point sources of pollution were studied since the late nineteenth century, linear sources did not receive much attention from scientists until the late 1960s, when environmental regulations for highways and airports began to emerge. At the same time, computers with the processing power to accommodate the data processing needs of the computer models required to tackle these one-dimensional sources became more available. In addition, this era of the 1960s saw the firs

Official source

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_source

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Road traffic emissions, one of the largest source categories in megacity inventories, are highly uncertain. It is essential to develop methodologies to reduce these uncertainties to manage air quality more effectively. In this paper, we propose a methodology to estimate road traffic emission factors (EFs) from a tracer experiment and from roadside pollutants measurements. We emitted continuously during about 300 non-consecutive hours a passive tracer from a finite line source placed on one site of an urban street. At the same time, we measured continuously the resulting tracer concentrations at the other side of the street with a portable on-line gas chromatograph. We used n-propane contained in commercial liquid petroleum gas (LPG) as a passive tracer. Propane offers several advantages to traditional tracers (SF6, N2O CFCs): low price, easily available, non-reactive, negligible global warming potential, and easy to detect with commercial on-line gas chromatographs.

2009

An evaluation of the estimation of road traffic emission factors from tracer studies

Luis Carlos Belalcazar Ceron, Alain Clappier

Road traffic emission factors (EFs) are one of the main sources of uncertainties in emission inventories; it is necessary to develop methods to reduce these uncertainties to manage air quality more efficiently. Recently an alternative method has been proposed to estimate the EFs. In that work the emission factors were estimated from a long term tracer study developed in Ho Chi Minh City (HCMC) Vietnam. A passive tracer was continuously emitted from a finite line source placed in one side of an urban street canyon. Simultaneously, the resulting tracer concentrations were monitored at the other side of the street. The results of this experiment were used to calculate the dispersion factors and afterwards, these dispersion factors were used to estimate the EFs. In this paper we use the Computational Fluids Dynamics (CFD) model WinMISKAM to critically evaluate the proposed methodology.

2010

Liquid phase crystallized silicon on glass: Technology, material quality and back contacted heterojunction solar cells

Jan Haschke

Liquid phase crystallization has emerged as a novel approach to grow large grained polycrystalline silicon films on glass with high electronic quality. In recent years a lot of effort was conducted by different groups to determine and optimize suitable interlayer materials, enhance the crystallographic quality or to improve post crystallization treatments. In this paper, we give an overview on liquid phase crystallization and describe the necessary process steps and discuss their influence on the absorber properties. Available line sources are compared and different interlayer configurations are presented. Furthermore, we present one-dimensional numerical simulations of a rear junction device, considering silicon absorber thicknesses between 1 and 500 mu m. We vary the front surface recombination velocity as well as doping density and minority carrier lifetime in the absorber. The simulations suggest that a higher absorber doping density is beneficial for layer thicknesses below 20 mu m or when the minority carrier lifetime is short. Finally, we discuss possible routes for device optimization and propose a hybride cell structure to circumvent current limitations in device design. (C) 2016 The Japan Society of Applied Physics

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