National Rally | EPFL Graph Search

The National Rally (Rassemblement National, ʁasɑ̃bləmɑ̃ nasjɔnal; RN), until 2018 known as the National Front (Front National, fʁɔ̃ nasjɔnal; FN), is a far-right political party in France. It is the largest parliamentary opposition group in the National Assembly and the party has seen its candidate reach the second round in the 2002, 2017 and 2022 presidential elections. It is an anti-immigration party, advocating significant cuts to legal immigration and protection of French identity, as well as stricter control of illegal immigration. It also advocates for a 'more balanced' and 'independent' French foreign policy by opposing French military intervention in Africa and by distancing France from the American sphere of influence by leaving NATO's integrated command. It supports reform of the European Union (EU) and its related organisations. It also supports economic interventionism and protectionism, and zero tolerance of breaches of law and order. The party has been accused of promoting xenophobia and antisemitism. The party was founded in 1972 to unify the French nationalist movement. Its political views are nationalist, nativist and anti-globalist. Jean-Marie Le Pen founded the party and was its leader until his resignation in 2011. While the party struggled as a marginal force for its first ten years, since 1984 it has been a major force of French nationalism. It has put forward a candidate at every presidential election but one since 1974. In 2002, Jean-Marie came second in the first round, but finished a distant second in the runoff to Jacques Chirac. His daughter Marine Le Pen was elected to succeed him as party leader in 2012. She temporarily stepped down in 2017 in order to concentrate on her presidential candidacy, but resumed her presidency after the election. She headed the party until 2021, when she temporarily resigned again. A year later, Jordan Bardella was elected as her successor. The party has seen an increase in its popularity and acceptance in French society in recent years.

Un modèle de comportement thermo-plastique pour les sols-non-saturés: Application aux stockages de déchets nucléaires

Bertrand François

Un modèle constitutif thermo-hydro-mécanique dédié aux sols fins a été développé afin de prédire le comportement des géomatériaux intervenant dans la problématique du confinement des déchets nucléaires en couche géologique profonde. Ce modèle considère l’aspect couplé des processus thermique, hydrique et mécanique. Les équations constitutives sont présentées. L’implémentation de cette loi de comportement dans deux logiciels d’éléments finis a permis une étude rigoureuse de plusieurs scénarios rencontrés dans les sols entourant les futurs déchets radioactifs. Les enseignements de chacune de ces études ainsi que l’apport du modèle utilisé sont présentés.

2008