Gallo language

Gallo is a regional language of eastern Brittany. It is one of the langues d'oïl, a Romance sub-family that includes French. Today it is spoken only by a minority of the population, as the standard form of French now predominates in this area. Gallo was originally spoken in the Marches of Neustria, an area now corresponding to the border lands between Brittany, Normandy, and Maine. Gallo was a shared spoken language among many of those who took part in the Norman conquest of England, most of whom originated in Upper (i.e. eastern) Brittany and Lower (i.e. western) Normandy, and thus had its part, together with the much bigger role played by the Norman language, in the development of the Anglo-Norman variety of French which would have such a strong influence on English. Gallo continued as the everyday language of Upper Brittany, Maine, and some neighbouring portions of Normandy until the introduction of universal education across France, but is spoken today by only a small (and aging) minority of the population, having been almost entirely superseded by standard French. As a langue d'oïl, Gallo forms part of a dialect continuum which includes Norman, Picard, and the Poitevin dialect among others. One of the features that distinguish it from Norman is the absence of Old Norse influence. There is some limited mutual intelligibility with adjacent varieties of the Norman language along the linguistic frontier and with Guernésiais and Jèrriais. However, as the dialect continuum shades towards Mayennais, there is a less clear isogloss. The clearest linguistic border is that distinguishing Gallo from Breton, a Brittonic Celtic language traditionally spoken in the western territory of Brittany. In the west, the vocabulary of Gallo has been influenced by contact with Breton, but remains overwhelmingly Latinate. The influence of Breton decreases eastwards across Gallo-speaking territory. Gallo's western extent stretches from Plouha (Plóha), in Côtes-d'Armor, south of Paimpol, passing through Châtelaudren (Châtié), Corlay (Corlaè), Loudéac (Loudia), east of Pontivy, Locminé (Lominoec), Vannes, and ending in the south, east of the Rhuys peninsula, in Morbihan.

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Que parle la vallée: conte d’habitabilité communautaire, autonome et biodynamique

Joanne Hélène Nussbaum

Val d’ormont, 30 août 2038. « Le tronc de cet arbre était si beau, les branches en étaient si majestueuses, qu’à voir de-ci, de-là, des rameaux desséchés, on aurait donné à ce géant de la montagne plus de quatre cents ans. » (1) Elle écarta les feuilles, leva la mousse, fit un trou dans la terre noire, y déposa le gland, le recouvrit, planta une marque et rentra chez elle. C’était devenu son rituel. A chaque nouvelle lune, Anaïs s’enfonçait dans les chênaies du bas de la vallée pour y récolter leurs fruits et les replanter 200 mètres plus haut. C’était son moyen à la fois de préparer sa terre à la montée des températures et d’honorer son propre cycle. Nichée entre 520 et 3210 mètres d’altitude, la vallée des Ormonts présente un paysage de prairies, forêts, montagnes, cours d’eau et zones humides dans lequel l’humain a su s’intégrer avec beaucoup de prudence, de respect et d’intelligence. Le tissu épars des anciens bâtiments agricoles reste encore bien lisible et constitue un atout paysager et un enjeu touristique et écologique majeur. La fonte des glaciers et la rapide progression du réchauffement climatique mettent à mal l’économie actuelle basée sur le tourisme hivernal. La vallée doit se réinventer tout en gardant les spécificités culturelles d’une vie en connexion directe avec son environnement naturel. (1) André Cérésole, « David Trinquiet », dans Contes du Pays de Vaud, Sierre : Editions à la Carte, 2008. La phrase suivante est une paraphrase d’un autre extrait de ce même conte.

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Franks

The Franks (Franci or gens Francorum; Francs) were originally a Germanic people who lived near the Lower Rhine, on the northern frontier of the late Roman Empire, but they successfully expanded their power and influence during the Middle Ages, until much of the population of western Europe, particularly in or near France, were commonly described as Franks, for example in the context of their joint efforts during the crusades starting in the 11th century.

Brittany (administrative region)

Brittany (Bretagne bʁətaɲ; Breizh brɛjs; Gallo: Bertaèyn bəʁtaɛɲ) is the westernmost region of Metropolitan France. It covers about four fifths of the territory of the historic province of Brittany. Its capital is Rennes. It is one of two regions in Metropolitan France that do not contain any landlocked departments, the other being Corsica. Brittany is a peninsular region bordered by the English Channel to the north and the Bay of Biscay to the south, and its neighboring regions are Normandy to the northeast and Pays de la Loire to the southeast.

Bretons

The Bretons (ˈbrɛtɒnz,-ənz,-ɒ̃z; Bretoned or Vretoned, breˈtɔ̃nɛt) are a Celtic ethnic group native to Brittany, north-western France. They trace their heritage to groups of Brittonic speakers who emigrated from southwestern Great Britain, particularly Cornwall and Devon, mostly during the Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain. They migrated in waves from the 3rd to 9th century (most heavily from 450 to 600) into Armorica, which was subsequently named Brittany after them.

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