Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography

Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is a technique that combines the use of endoscopy and fluoroscopy to diagnose and treat certain problems of the biliary or pancreatic ductal systems. It is primarily performed by highly skilled and specialty trained gastroenterologists. Through the endoscope, the physician can see the inside of the stomach and duodenum, and inject a contrast medium into the ducts in the biliary tree and pancreas so they can be seen on radiographs. ERCP is used primarily to diagnose and treat conditions of the bile ducts and main pancreatic duct, including gallstones, inflammatory strictures (scars), leaks (from trauma and surgery), and cancer. ERCP can be performed for diagnostic and therapeutic reasons, although the development of safer and relatively non-invasive investigations such as magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) and endoscopic ultrasound has meant that ERCP is now rarely performed without therapeutic intent. The following represent indications for ERCP, particularly if or when less invasive options are not adequate or definitive: Obstructive jaundice – This may be due to several causes Gallstones with dilated bile ducts on ultrasonography Indeterminate biliary strictures and suspected bile duct tumors Suspected injury to bile ducts either as a result of trauma or of iatrogenic origin Sphincter of Oddi dysfunction Chronic pancreatitis is currently a controversial indication due to widespread availability of safer diagnostic modalities including endoscopic ultrasound, CT, and MRI/MRCP Pancreatic tumors no longer represent a valid diagnostic indication for ERCP unless they cause bile duct obstruction and jaundice. Endoscopic ultrasound represents a safer and more accurate diagnostic alternative ERCP may be indicated in the above diagnostic scenarios when any of the following are needed: Endoscopic sphincterotomy of the sphincter of Oddi Extraction of gallstones or other biliary debris Insertion of a stent through the major duodenal papilla and ampulla of Vater into the common bile duct and/or the pancreatic duct Dilation of strictures (e.

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Patient respiratory-triggered quantitative T-2 mapping in the pancreas

Tobias Kober, Tom Hilbert, Reto Meuli, Josefina Adriana Maria Bastiaansen

Background Long acquisition times and motion sensitivity limit T-2 mapping in the abdomen. Accelerated mapping at 3 T may allow for quantitative assessment of diffuse pancreatic disease in patients during free-breathing. Purpose To test the feasibility of ...

WILEY2019

An Insect Eye Inspired Miniaturized Multi-Camera System for Endoscopic Imaging

Yusuf Leblebici, Ömer Cogal

In thiswork,we present aminiaturized high definition vision system inspired by insect eyes, with a distributed illumination method, which can work in dark environments for proximity imaging applications such as endoscopy. Our approach is based on modeling ...

Ieee-Inst Electrical Electronics Engineers Inc2017

Light control in a multicore fiber using the memory effect

Demetri Psaltis, Christophe Moser, Nicolino Stasio, Donald Benjaman Conkey

Endoscopic imaging through a multicore fiber (MCF) is widely used but is affected by pixelated images, which limits its resolution to a few micrometers. This is due to the spacing between the cores in the MCF, which is large enough to avoid core-to-core li ...

Optical Soc Amer2015

Ascending cholangitis

Ascending cholangitis, also known as acute cholangitis or simply cholangitis, is inflammation of the bile duct, usually caused by bacteria ascending from its junction with the duodenum (first part of the small intestine). It tends to occur if the bile duct is already partially obstructed by gallstones. Cholangitis can be life-threatening, and is regarded as a medical emergency. Characteristic symptoms include yellow discoloration of the skin or whites of the eyes, fever, abdominal pain, and in severe cases, low blood pressure and confusion.

Cholecystectomy

Cholecystectomy is the surgical removal of the gallbladder. Cholecystectomy is a common treatment of symptomatic gallstones and other gallbladder conditions. In 2011, cholecystectomy was the eighth most common operating room procedure performed in hospitals in the United States. Cholecystectomy can be performed either laparoscopically, or via an open surgical technique. The surgery is usually successful in relieving symptoms, but up to 10 percent of people may continue to experience similar symptoms after cholecystectomy, a condition called postcholecystectomy syndrome.

Pancreatic cancer

Pancreatic cancer arises when cells in the pancreas, a glandular organ behind the stomach, begin to multiply out of control and form a mass. These cancerous cells have the ability to invade other parts of the body. A number of types of pancreatic cancer are known. The most common, pancreatic adenocarcinoma, accounts for about 90% of cases, and the term "pancreatic cancer" is sometimes used to refer only to that type. These adenocarcinomas start within the part of the pancreas that makes digestive enzymes.

Pancreas Anatomy: Development and Vascularization BIO-320: Morphology I

Explores the anatomy and vascularization of the pancreas and duodenum.

Von-Mises Plasticity: Yield Criteria and Stress Invariants ME-331: Solid mechanics

Explores the Von-Mises plasticity theory, discussing yield criteria and stress invariants.