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Concept
Bacteriochlorophyll
Summary
Bacteriochlorophylls (BChl) are photosynthetic pigments that occur in various phototrophic bacteria. They were discovered by C. B. van Niel in 1932. They are related to chlorophylls, which are the primary pigments in plants, algae, and cyanobacteria. Organisms that contain bacteriochlorophyll conduct photosynthesis to sustain their energy requirements, but the process is anoxygenic and does not produce oxygen as a byproduct. They use wavelengths of light not absorbed by plants or cyanobacteria. Replacement of with protons gives bacteriophaeophytin (BPh), the phaeophytin form.
BacterioChlorophyll a.svg|bacteriochlorophyll ''a''
BacterioChlorophyll b.svg|bacteriochlorophyll ''b''
BacterioChlorophyll c.svg|bacteriochlorophyll ''c''
BacterioChlorophyll d.svg|bacteriochlorophyll ''d''
BacterioChlorophyll e.svg|bacteriochlorophyll ''e''
Bacteriochlorophyll f.svg|bacteriochlorophyll ''f''
BacterioChlorophyll g.svg|bacteriochlorophyll ''g''
Bacteriochlorophylls a, b, and g are bacteriochlorins, meaning their molecules have a bacteriochlorin macrocycle ring with two reduced pyrrole rings (B and D). Bacteriochlorophylls c, d, e, and f are chlorins, meaning their molecules have a chlorin macrocycle ring with one reduced pyrrole ring (D).
Bacteriochlorophylls c to f occur in the form of closely related homologs with different alkyl groups attached to pyrrole rings B and C and are illustrated above in their simplest versions, esterified with the sesquiterpene alcohol farnesol. Most of the variation occurs in the 8 and 12 positions and can be attributed to methyltransferase variation. BChl cS is a term for 8-ethyl,12-methyl homolog of BChl c.
Bacteriochlorophyll g has a vinyl group in ring (A), at position 8.
There are a large number of known bacteriochlorophylls but all have features in common since the biosynthetic pathway involves chlorophyllide a (Chlide a) as an intermediate.
Chlorin-cored BChls (c to f) are produced by a series of enzymatic modifications on the sidechain of Chlide a, much like how Chl b, d, e are made.
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Related concepts (14)
Purple bacteria
Purple bacteria or purple photosynthetic bacteria are Gram-negative proteobacteria that are phototrophic, capable of producing their own food via photosynthesis. They are pigmented with bacteriochlorophyll a or b, together with various carotenoids, which give them colours ranging between purple, red, brown, and orange. They may be divided into two groups – purple sulfur bacteria (Chromatiales, in part) and purple non-sulfur bacteria.
Chlorin
In organic chemistry, chlorins are tetrapyrrole pigments that are partially hydrogenated porphyrins. The parent chlorin is an unstable compound which undergoes air oxidation to porphine. The name chlorin derives from chlorophyll. Chlorophylls are magnesium-containing chlorins and occur as photosynthetic pigments in chloroplasts. The term "chlorin" strictly speaking refers to only compounds with the same ring oxidation state as chlorophyll. Chlorins are excellent photosensitizing agents.
Chlorophyll a
Chlorophyll a is a specific form of chlorophyll used in oxygenic photosynthesis. It absorbs most energy from wavelengths of violet-blue and orange-red light, and it is a poor absorber of green and near-green portions of the spectrum. Chlorophyll does not reflect light but chlorophyll-containing tissues appear green because green light is diffusively reflected by structures like cell walls. This photosynthetic pigment is essential for photosynthesis in eukaryotes, cyanobacteria and prochlorophytes because of its role as primary electron donor in the electron transport chain.
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