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Concept
Essential singularity
Summary
In complex analysis, an essential singularity of a function is a "severe" singularity near which the function exhibits odd behavior.
The category essential singularity is a "left-over" or default group of isolated singularities that are especially unmanageable: by definition they fit into neither of the other two categories of singularity that may be dealt with in some manner – removable singularities and poles. In practice some include non-isolated singularities too; those do not have a residue.
Consider an open subset of the complex plane . Let be an element of , and a holomorphic function. The point is called an essential singularity of the function if the singularity is neither a pole nor a removable singularity.
For example, the function has an essential singularity at .
Let be a complex number, assume that is not defined at but is analytic in some region of the complex plane, and that every open neighbourhood of has non-empty intersection with .
If both and exist, then is a removable singularity of both and .
If exists but does not exist (in fact ), then is a zero of and a pole of .
Similarly, if does not exist (in fact ) but exists, then is a pole of and a zero of .
If neither nor exists, then is an essential singularity of both and .
Another way to characterize an essential singularity is that the Laurent series of at the point has infinitely many negative degree terms (i.e., the principal part of the Laurent series is an infinite sum). A related definition is that if there is a point for which no derivative of converges to a limit as tends to , then is an essential singularity of .
On a Riemann sphere with a point at infinity, , the function has an essential singularity at that point if and only if the has an essential singularity at 0: i.e. neither nor exists. The Riemann zeta function on the Riemann sphere has only one essential singularity, at .
The behavior of holomorphic functions near their essential singularities is described by the Casorati–Weierstrass theorem and by the considerably stronger Picard's great theorem.
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Ontological neighbourhood