Characterizations of the exponential function

In mathematics, the exponential function can be characterized in many ways. The following characterizations (definitions) are most common. This article discusses why each characterization makes sense, and why the characterizations are independent of and equivalent to each other. As a special case of these considerations, it will be demonstrated that the three most common definitions given for the mathematical constant e are equivalent to each other. The six most common definitions of the exponential function exp(x) = ex for real x are: Define ex by the limit Define ex as the value of the infinite series (Here n! denotes the factorial of n. One proof that e is irrational uses a special case of this formula.) Define ex to be the unique number y > 0 such that This is as the inverse of the natural logarithm function, which is defined by this integral. Define ex to be the unique solution to the initial value problem (Here, y′ denotes the derivative of y.) The exponential function ex is the unique function f with f(1) = e and f(x + y) = f(x) f(y) for all x and y that satisfies any one of the following additional conditions: For the uniqueness, one must impose some additional condition like those above, since otherwise other functions can be constructed using a basis for the real numbers over the rationals, as described by Hewitt and Stromberg. One could also replace f(1) = e and the "additional condition" with the single condition f′(0) = 1. Let e be the unique positive real number satisfying This limit can be shown to exist. Then define ex to be the exponential function with this base. This definition is particularly suited to computing the derivative of the exponential function. One way of defining the exponential function for domains larger than the domain of real numbers is to first define it for the domain of real numbers using one of the above characterizations and then extend it to larger domains in a way which would work for any analytic function. It is also possible to use the characterisations directly for the larger domain, though some problems may arise.

Global eigenvalue distribution of matrices defined by the skew-shift

Marius Christopher Lemm

We consider large Hermitian matrices whose entries are defined by evaluating the exponential function along orbits of the skew-shift

\binom{j}{2} \omega+jy+x \mod 1

for irrational

\omega

. We prove that the eigenvalue distribution of these matrices conv ...

2019

Characterizations of the exponential function

Low-Rank Updates Of Matrix Functions Ii: Rational Krylov Methods

Exponential Convergence for the Fredrickson-Andersen One-Spin Facilitated Model

Global eigenvalue distribution of matrices defined by the skew-shift

Global eigenvalue distribution of matrices defined by the skew-shift

Low-Rank Updates Of Matrix Functions Ii: Rational Krylov Methods

Exponential Convergence for the Fredrickson-Andersen One-Spin Facilitated Model