Pakualaman

The Duchy of Pakualaman (Kadipatèn Pakualaman; also written Paku Alaman; Dutch-spelling: Pakoe-alaman) is a minor Javanese princely state within the Sultanate of Yogyakarta. It was created in 1812 when Natakusuma (later Duke Paku Alam I) was rewarded for helping the British quell the conflict in Yogyakarta in June 1812. It became the mirror-image of Mangkunegaran in the territory of the Surakarta Sunanate. A Pakualaman Corps of 100 cavalry (later 50 cavalry and 100 infantry) was established, but was never to become as significant as the Mangkunegaran Legion, and disbanded in 1892. Due to Paku Alam VIII's role in the Indonesian independence movement, a law was passed to allow the position of vice-governor of the Yogyakarta Special Region to be filled hereditarily by the reigning Duke Paku Alam at any particular time, while the Sultans of Yogyakarta fills the role of Governor on hereditary basis. The name Paku Alam translates literally into "Nail of the Universe" or "Nail of the World" in English (paku means "nail" and alam means "Universe" or "world"). Kadipaten Pakualaman, also known as Nagari Pakualaman or Praja Pakualaman, was established on March 17, 1813, when Prince Notokusumo, son of Sri Sultan Hamengku Buwono I with his Royal Consort was crowned by Governor-General Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles (Governor General of British East Indies who ruled at that time) as Kangjeng Gusti Pangeran Adipati (abbreviated K.G.P.A.). The use of the later title Kangjeng Gusti Pangeran Adipati Arya (K.G.P.A.A.) was only used by Paku Alam V. The status of this princely state was similar to that of Mangkunegara in Surakarta. Starting from the Ngayogyakarta Hadiningrat dispute under Sri Sultan Hamengkubuwono II against the government of the Governor-General Herman Willem Daendels of the French-Netherlands (under French influence during King Louis Bonaparte of French-Holland). Daendels sent his troops to attack the Yogyakarta Palace in December 1810 to quell the rebellion of Raden Ronggo (K.A.A.