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iPhone is a line of smartphones produced by Apple Inc. that use Apple's own iOS mobile operating system. The first-generation iPhone was announced by then-Apple CEO Steve Jobs on January 9, 2007. Since then, Apple has annually released new iPhone models and iOS updates. As of November 1, 2018, more than 2.2 billion iPhones had been sold. As of 2022, the iPhone accounts for 15.6% of global smartphone market share. The iPhone was the first mobile phone to use multi-touch technology. Since the iPhone's launch, it gained larger screen sizes, video-recording, waterproofing, and many accessibility features. Up to the iPhone 8 and 8 Plus, iPhones had a single button on the front panel with the Touch ID fingerprint sensor. Since the iPhone X, iPhone models have switched to a nearly bezel-less front screen design with Face ID facial recognition, and app switching activated by gestures. Touch ID is still used for the budget iPhone SE series. The iPhone is one of the two largest smartphone

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Posterior-based Sparse Representation for Automatic Speech Recognition

Afsaneh Asaei, Sara Bahaadini Beigy Zarandi, Hervé Bourlard, David Imseng

Posterior features have been shown to yield very good performance in multiple contexts including speech recognition, spoken term detection, and template matching. These days, posterior features are usually estimated at the output of a neural network. More recently, sparse representation has also been shown to potentially provide additional advantages to improve discrimination and robustness. One possible instance of this, is referred to as exemplar-based sparse representation. The present work investigates how to exploit sparse modelling together with posterior space properties to further improve speech recognition features. In that context, we leverage exemplar-based sparse representation, and propose a novel approach to project phone posterior features into a new, high-dimensional, sparse feature space. In fact, exploiting the properties of posterior spaces, we generate, new, high-dimensional, linguistically inspired (sub-phone and words), posterior distributions. Validation experiments are performed on the Phonebook (isolated words) and HIWIRE (continuous speech) databases, which support the effectiveness of the proposed approach for speech recognition tasks.

2014

Improving Posterior Based Confidence Measures in Hybrid HMM/ANN Speech Recognition Systems

Giulia Bernardis, Hervé Bourlard

In this paper we define and investigate a set of confidence measures based on hybrid Hidden Markov Model/Artificial Neural Network (HMM/ANN) acoustic models. All these measures are using the neural network to estimate the local phone posterior probabilities, which are then combined and normalized in different ways. Experimental results will indeed show that the use of an appropriate duration normalization is very important to obtain good estimates of the phone and word confidences. The different measures are evaluated at the phone and word levels on both an isolated word task (PHONEBOOK) and a continuous speech recognition task (BREF). It will be shown that one of those confidence measures is well suited for utterance verification, and that (as one could expect) confidence measures at the word level perform better than those at the phone level. Finally, using the resulting approach on PHONEBOOK to rescore the N-best list is shown to yield a 34% decrease in word error rate.

IDIAP1998

Improving Posterior Based Confidence Measures in Hybrid HMM/ANN Speech Recognition Systems

Giulia Bernardis, Hervé Bourlard

1998

Apple Inc.

Apple Inc. is an American multinational technology company headquartered in Cupertino, California. Apple is the world's largest technology company by revenue, with in 2022 revenue. , Apple is the wor

IOS

iOS (formerly iPhone OS) is a mobile operating system developed by Apple Inc. exclusively for its hardware. It is the operating system that powers many of the company's mobile devices, including the i

Smartphone

A smartphone is a portable computer device that combines mobile telephone functions and computing functions into one unit. They are distinguished from older-design feature phones by their more advanc

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