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The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) (ᵻˈlaɪzə, ˌiːˈlaɪzə) is a commonly used analytical biochemistry assay, first described by Eva Engvall and Peter Perlmann in 1971. The assay uses a solid-phase type of enzyme immunoassay (EIA) to detect the presence of a ligand (commonly a protein) in a liquid sample using antibodies directed against the protein to be measured. ELISA has been used as a diagnostic tool in medicine, plant pathology, and biotechnology, as well as a quality control check in various industries. In the most simple form of an ELISA, antigens from the sample to be tested are attached to a surface. Then, a matching antibody is applied over the surface so it can bind the antigen. This antibody is linked to an enzyme and then any unbound antibodies are removed. In the final step, a substance containing the enzyme's substrate is added. If there was binding, the subsequent reaction produces a detectable signal, most commonly a color change. Performing an ELISA involv

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The ELISA Systems for the NIST'99 Evaluation in Speaker Detection and Tracking

Dominique Genoud, Jean Hennebert

This article presents the text-independent speaker detection and tracking systems developed by the members of the {ELISA} Consortium for the {NIST'99} speaker recognition evaluation campaign. {ELISA} is a consortium grouping researchers of several laboratories sharing software modules, resources and experimental protocols. Each system is briefly described, and comparative results on the {NIST'99} evaluation tasks are discussed

1999

Drop-based microfluidic devices for encapsulation of single cells

Christoph Merten

We use microfluidic devices to encapsulate, incubate, and manipulate individual cells in picoliter aqueous drops in a carrier fluid at rates of up to several hundred Hz. We use a modular approach with individual devices for each function, thereby significantly increasing the robustness of our system and making it highly flexible and adaptable to a variety of cell-based assays. The small volumes of the drops enables the concentrations of secreted molecules to rapidly attain detectable levels. We show that single hybridoma cells in 33 pL drops secrete detectable concentrations of antibodies in only 6 h and remain fully viable. These devices hold the promise of developing microfluidic cell cytometers and cell sorters with much greater functionality, allowing assays to be performed on individual cells in their own microenvironment prior to analysis and sorting.

2008

New nonhydrolyzable mimetics of sialyl Lewis x and their binding affinity to P-selectin

Pierre Vogel

Wittig olefination of (2S,3R,5S,6R)-5-(acetyloxy)-tetrahydro-6-[(methoxymethoxy)methyl]-3-(phe nylthio)2H-pyran-2-acetaldehyde ((+)-10) with {2-[(2S,3R,4R,5R,6S)-tetrahydro-3,4,5-tris(methoxymethoxy)-6-methyl-2H-p yran-2-yl]ethyl}triphenylphosphonium iodide ((-)-11) gave a (Z)-alkene derivative (+)-12 that was converted into (alphaR,2R,3S,4R,5R,6S)-tetrahydro-alpha,3-dihydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)-5 -(phenylthio)-6-{(2Z)-4-[(2S,3S,4R,5S,6S)-tetrahydro-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6- methyl-2H-pyran-2-yl]but-2-enyl}2H-pyran-4-acetic acid (8), (alphaR,2R,3S,4R,6S)-tetrahydro-alpha,3-dihydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)-6-{4 -[(2S,3S,4R,5S,6S)-tetrahydro-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-methyl-2H-pyran-2-yl]bu tyl}-2H-pyran-4-acetic acid (9), and simpler analogues without the hydroxyacetic side chain such as (2S,3S,4R,5S,6S)-tetrahydro-6-methyl-2-{(2Z)-4-[(2S,3R,5S,6R)-tetrahydro -5-hydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-3-(phenylthio)-2H-pyran-2-yl]but-2-enyl}-2H -pyran-3,4,5-triol (30), (2S,3S,4R,5S,6S)-tetrahydro-6-methyl-2-{[(2S,5S,6R)-tetrahydro-5-hydroxy -6-(hydroxymethyl)-2H-pyran-2-yl]butyl}-2H-pyran-3,4,5-triol ((-)-41) and (2S,3S,4R,5S,6S)-tetrahydro-6-methyl-2-{(2Z/E))-4-[(2R,5S,6R)-tetrahydro -5-hydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-2H-pyran-2-yl]but-2-enyl}-2H-pyran-3,4,5-tr iol (43). The key intermediates (+)-10 and (-)-11 were derived from isolevoglucosenone and from L-fucose, respectively. The following IC50 values were measured in a ELISA test for the affinities of sialyl Lewis x tetrasaccharide, 8, 9. 30, (-)-41, and 43 toward P-selectin: 0.7, 2.5-2.8, 7.3-8.0, 5.3-5.9, 5.0-5.2, and 3.4-4.1 mM, respectively.

2004

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